Yurt building skills

The name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Mongolian yurt building skills

Applicant: Inner Mongolia Federation of literary and Art Circles

Item No.: 964

Project No.: VIII - 181

Time of publication: 2008 (second batch)

Category: traditional art

Region: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Type: new item

Applicant: Inner Mongolia Federation of literary and Art Circles

Protection unit: Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Brief introduction of Mongolian yurt building skills:

Applicant: Inner Mongolia Federation of literary and Art Circles

Yurts are the most representative dwellings of Mongols and northern nomads. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, they were named "dome house" and "felt tent" in Chinese historical books. From the Qing Dynasty, they were renamed "yurts" by transliteration and free translation in Manchu.

The Mongolian yurt is made of wood, wool rope and felt. It is composed of three in one materials: the frame wood of "Tao Nao" (skylight), "Wu Ni" (umbrella type radiation rafters), "Han Na" (grid shaped wood fence), the blanket covering the skylight, the canopy covering the "Wu Ni" and the blanket covering the "Han Na" Most suitable for the northern climate and nomadic production of unique dwellings. Because it is basically a "three section combination" house, it can be divided into parts, and the materials are light and portable, and can be used repeatedly, so it is very convenient to build, dismantle, move and repair.

Xiwuzhumuqin banner is located in the northeast of Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. There are nearly 50000 Inner Mongolia residents in xiwuzhumuqin banner, accounting for 68% of the total population. The Mongolian yurt in xiwuzhumuqin banner is made of elm wood, and its structure is mainly composed of frame wood, tarpaulin felt and mane rope. This kind of yurt is spacious and comfortable inside. It uses a special wooden frame to make "Hana". It is wrapped in two or three layers of wool felt, and then tied with a rope made of horse mane or camel hair. The top of it is supported by "uni", which is like a sky curtain. There is a skylight on the round spire, which is called "brain covering". The "brain covering" is covered with wool felt, which can provide ventilation and lighting.

Chenbalhuqi yurt, also known as "reed curtain yurt", is built with reed. In 1732, the people of chenbalhuqi moved from Qiqihar to Mongolia and stationed in Hulunbuir. They adapted measures to local conditions and built a summer yurt with local willows and reeds by the lake. This kind of yurt is made of local materials and hand-made. It is simple, practical, beautiful and pleasant.

Mongolian yurt construction technology is composed of the production and decoration of frame wood and tarpaulin felt. It integrates woodworking, embroidery, carving, painting, weaving and so on, and is a great achievement of Mongolian folk handicrafts. Yurt and its construction techniques are an important part of Mongolian nomadic culture. It has been accumulated and formed in the long-term production struggle and life practice. It adapts to the natural environment and has a unique regional cultural style. "Hana" is flexible and can change freely. The height and size of the yurt can be adjusted according to the needs. It can cope with the sudden change of climate in rainy season and windy season and the increase or decrease of residential population. The round structure reduces the attack of wind, rain and dust on the yurt, and makes it better adapt to the cold and hot continental climate of the Mongolian Plateau. The unique and long-standing Mongolian yurt construction technology has a high historical and cultural value. After the current nomadic life gradually turned to settled life, the Mongolian yurt construction technology tends to decline, which is worthy of serious summary and inheritance.