Zuo Yin
Zuo Yin, the official name of Chu state. And you Yin. Ranking next to Ling Yin, he was the Minister of Chu. Prime Minister Zuo.
background
The emergence of China's state began in the Xia Dynasty, and the establishment of official positions appeared with the emergence of the state, so the official positions can only start from the Xia Dynasty. In ancient China, there were different official positions in different dynasties, during which the situation was very complicated.
The first period
The first period was the Xia and Shang Dynasties
About a thousand years ago. (Shang) the monarch called "Hou" as "Wang", and the main officials called "Shi" and "Wu". In the late Shang Dynasty, the elders of the royal family were called "father teacher" and "little teacher", who were responsible for assisting the king, such as Jizi and Bigan. The servants in charge of housework are called "Chen", "Zai", "Yin" and so on. (in the reign of King Zhou of Yin, he was fatuous and rebellious, and his elder brother Weizi resigned and went away; his uncle Jizi repeatedly admonished him and was punished as a slave; another uncle of King Zhou, Bigan, died because of his admonition. Confucius said, "Yin has three benevolences."
The second period
The second period is from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the spring and Autumn period
About six or seven hundred years. The monarch is called "the son of heaven" and "the king of heaven". The heir to the throne was called "Prince" and "East Palace". Wang's wife is called "Hou". (Poetry)_ Xiaoya_ "Beishan" said: "Pu (P ǔǔ PU) under the heaven, is it not the king's land, leading the land, is it not the king's minister.") The feudal land of the princes is called the state, the feudal land of the doctors is called the city, the royal family is the central government, and the state and the city is the local government. In addition to the king, the three princes (Taishi, Taifu, Taibao) are the highest in the central government. When the king is young or absent, they can act for him. The administrative departments headed by Qing Shi are in charge of military affairs, administration, judicature and foreign affairs. The educational and cultural departments headed by Tai Shi are in charge of divine affairs, education, secretary and calendar. They are also called "Qing Shi Liao" and "Tai Shi Liao" in Jin Dynasty. Under the Qing Dynasty, there were three bureaucrats, situ, Sima and Sikong. Situ was in charge of land and service, Sima was in charge of military taxes, chariots and horses, and Sikong was in charge of major projects such as building cities and roads. Under the Taishi, there are NEISHI, Yushi, Taibu, Zongbo, musician and so on. The NEISHI is in charge of the affairs of the policy officials, the Yushi is in charge of the archives, Taibu is in charge of the divination, Zongbo is in charge of the ritual, and the musician is in charge of the music and education. Those in charge of the royal family affairs are called "Zai" or "Tai Zai" or "Zhong Zai", those in charge of the palace guards and martial arts are called "Shi" or "Shi", those in charge of the palace guards are called "Hu Ben" (B ē n), and those close to the king are called "Xiao Chen". The establishment of local government is about the same as that of the central government, but the ruling ministers are appointed by the emperor of Zhou and inherited from generation to generation. They can only be called "Qing" or "Zhengqing" or "Zhengqing", not "Qingshi".
The third period
The third period began in the Warring States period
brief introduction
It lasted for more than 2300 years in the late Qing Dynasty. The characteristics of this period are: 1) the status of the monarch has been greatly improved, and the power is highly concentrated; 2) in the state institutions, the witch history and the aristocracy do not occupy an important position, but the monarch's servants and attendants rise to the main position; 3) the ruling area is more and more vast, the institutions are more and more large, the division of duties is more and more detailed, and the changes are complex.
monarch
Xia, Shang and Zhou were called "Hou", "Wang", "emperor" and "Heavenly King".
The Warring States period began to be called "emperor" and "emperor". (emperor is originally the title of supreme God. Emperor originally describes emperor.)
Qin began to be called "emperor" until the revolution of 1911.
Xiongnu called "Chanyu", Chanyu's wife "Yinzhi", Wusun "kunmo", Gaoche "houlouhongle", Xianbei, Rouran, Turk, Huihe, Khitan and Mongolia "Kehan", and Tubo "Zanpu".
Prime Minister
Prime minister is the highest official position under the monarch to assist the monarch in dealing with government affairs.
Xia and Shang Dynasties were the history of witchcraft, Western Zhou and spring and autumn dynasties were the ministers, and after the Warring States period was the prime minister.
Prime minister is developed from the Minister of a monarch. Prime minister is the title of the chief steward of a monarch. Prime Minister means assistant. It is the essence of prime minister to use the head of a minister to manage state affairs. The title of prime minister was first seen in Han Feizi_ Xianxue chapter: "therefore, the officials of the Ming Lord, the prime minister must start from the State Department, and the fierce generals must start from the soldiers."
The official position of prime minister originated earlier. Chu set "Ling Yin", Qi and Qin set "Xiang", song set "Da Yin", Wu set "Tai Zai". Guan Zhong, who assisted Duke Huan of Qi to establish hegemony, was the first outstanding prime minister in Chinese history. After the unification of Qin Dynasty, the title of prime minister was "prime minister".
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the power of the prime minister was transferred to Shangshutai (Shangshutai was originally the small organ in charge of sending and receiving documents in the emperor's private house), and its chief officer was called shangshuling (the eunuch was called zhongshuling).
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful officials Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao returned to the post of prime minister or prime minister. However, they assumed the post of prime minister themselves, and their real power was above the emperor.
After Shang Dynasty, the central government became an independent executive organ. Both the chief and deputy chief of Shangshutai are prime ministers. After Shangshutai was transformed from an administrative organ of the inner court into an administrative organ of the outer court, in order to meet the needs of sending and receiving documents, drafting and conveying imperial edicts, Zhongshusheng was set up as a document processing organ. Its chief executive was zhongshujian and zhongshuling, and zhongshujian and zhongshuling were also prime ministers. Zhongshu province is more important than Shangshu province because it is in charge of confidential affairs and close to the emperor. In ancient times, it was called "Phoenix pool" and "Phoenix pool". During the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, the prime ministers were divided into Shangshu Province, Zhongshu province and Menxia Province, so the governors of the three provinces were also called prime ministers.
In Sui and Tang Dynasties, the name of prime minister changed. Zhongshuling was called neishiling and neishuling in Sui Dynasty, and Youxiang, Fengge and Ziwei in Tang Dynasty. Because Li Shimin once held this post when he was the king of Qin, he did not set it up later, so the officials of Shangshu Province in Tang Dynasty had only left and right servants.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhongshu introspection was set up as the office of the prime minister, which was called "zhengshitang", "Zhongshu menxia" and "Zhongshu". The Privy Council was the highest military organ in Song Dynasty. Its chief officer, the secret envoy, the Deputy envoy, and the consul were equal to Fu. Together with the prime minister, they were called "Zaizhi".
In the Ming Dynasty, the posts of Zhongshu province and prime minister were abolished, and the positions of huagaidian, Jinshen Dian, Wuying Dian, Wenhua Dian, Wenyuan Ge and Dongge were set up as advisors to the emperor. Later, they became the actual prime ministers, known as "auxiliary ministers", and the chief university scholars as "Yuanfu" and "Shoufu". They had the most important authority and presided over the Cabinet Affairs.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Ming system was imitated. The actual prime minister was the "nanshufang walk" in Kangxi and the "military aircraft minister" after Yongzheng.
Among all kinds of official positions, the prime minister changed most frequently, with no fixed position, no fixed name and no fixed member, which was determined by the fundamental nature of autocratic monarchy. The monarch is inseparable from the prime minister, and most worried that the prime minister's power is too heavy, which is the main reason for the continuous change of the prime minister's official position.
Chinese PinYin : Zuo Yin
Zuo Yin