Taoist music (hainanzhaijiao Music)

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Taoist music

Applicant: Ding'an County, Hainan Province

Item No.: 638

Project No.: Ⅱ - 139

Time of publication: 2008 (second batch)

Category: Traditional Music

Region:

Type: new item

Applicant: Ding'an County, Hainan Province

Protection unit: Ding'an Cultural Center

Brief introduction of Taoist music (hainanzhaijiao Keyi Music)

Applicant: Ding'an County, Hainan Province

Taoist music, also known as "Daochang music", is the music used in Taoist religious activities. Like Taoism, it originated from the sacrificial songs and dances of ancient witches. Taoist music consists of two parts: instrumental music and vocal music. Instrumental music is mainly composed of bell, chime, drum, wooden fish, cloud Gong and other instruments, with wind, plucking, string pulling and other instruments. Vocal music is mainly composed of chanting, which is composed of Gaogong master's recitation of vows, praise of God, chanting of the table, the confession of all preachers and the chorus of all Taoists.

Hainanzhaijiao Keyi music is one of the most influential folk music forms in Hainan Province. It was brought into Hainan by immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River. It was quite popular in the Ming Dynasty and widely spread in all parts of Hainan Province. It occupies an important position in the spiritual life of Hainan people. Wang Hongxu, a Jinshi of Ding'an County in Ming Dynasty, witnessed the situation of the sacrificial activities at that time. He once described the performance scene of the ritual music with the sentence of "Fu La goes to the village every year and Zhu Li sings and dances everywhere".

In the Buddhist rites of Taoism in Hainan, "Jiao" is commonly known as "qingzhai", which is used to sacrifice historical figures such as Fubo general, lady Xian, Su Dongpo, and the legendary protective gods such as Tianfei Niangniang, Guanyin, Zhenwu, Longwang, etc.; and "Zhai" is also known as "Baizhai", which is used to help the dead. The deacon of zhaijiao performed the ritual according to the corresponding ritual program, and played the ritual music in the process. Its musical instruments are basically arranged according to the category of "eight tones" in Zhou Dynasty, namely "gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, wood, Pao and bamboo", which can be divided into instrumental music and percussion music. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, Zhai music was widely spread and had an important influence on Qiong opera. After the late Qing Dynasty, zhaijiao Keyi music adapted and reformed the Qupai and part of the aria of qiongju opera. Its music features are high tone and wide range. Chanting sutras and chanting incantations are carried out simultaneously with music and percussion. The phonetics of chanting sutras and chanting incantations include Mandarin, Cantonese, Hainan dialect and various language families. The long and short sentences and phonetics of scriptures are different, which leads to the lack of rhyme, the sound contrast, and the protracted tone. The representative works of Hainan zhaijiao Keyi music include Ping'an Dynasty, Yajia Dynasty, Fugong Dynasty, etc.

Hainan zhaijiao music is rich in content and unique. It contains a lot of folk music, Buddhism and Taoism music information, which has the research value of folklore and musicology. In the process of development and inheritance, Hainan zhaijiao Keyi music has had a great impact on the local social culture. Qiongju, the largest drama in Hainan, has absorbed many artistic factors from zhaijiao Keyi music to further improve its singing music. At present, under the influence of modern civilization, the traditional folk beliefs are gradually weakening, the Taoist temples around Hainan are becoming more and more indifferent, and the Buddhist music is on the verge of extinction.