Pipa Art (Yingzhou ancient tune school)

The name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Pipa Art (Yingzhou ancient tune school)

Applicant: Chongming County, Shanghai

Item No.: 618

Project No.: Ⅱ - 119

Time of publication: 2008 (second batch)

Category: Traditional Music

Region: Shanghai

Type: new item

Applicant: Chongming County, Shanghai

Protection unit: Shanghai Chongming District Cultural Center

Pipa Art (Yingzhou ancient tune school)

Applicant: Chongming County, Shanghai

Pipa is an ancient stringed instrument in China. The word "Pipa" first appeared in Shuowen Jiezi written by Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty. "Pi" and "Ba" are two playing techniques of this traditional musical instrument, which are equivalent to today's "Tan" and "Tiao". The instrument is called "Pi Ba" by its technical name, and later changed to "Pipa". From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Pipa was the general name of a variety of stringed instruments. In the long process of historical evolution, Pipa has experienced the transformation from horizontal holding to vertical holding. The Tang Dynasty was the peak period of the development of hengbaopatan Pipa art. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Pipa artists made great contributions to the creation of Pipa music, especially the large-scale Divertimento, and formed many famous Pipa performing schools. In the 1930s, Mr. Liu Tianhua boldly reformed the pipa, and created the six phase and thirteen grade pipa. After the founding of new China, the development of Pipa reached a new peak. Nowadays, Pipa is not only used for solos and national orchestras, but also the main musical instrument of Jiangnan Sizhu, Guangdong music, Chaozhou string poetry, Fujian Nanyin, etc.

Yingzhou Gudiao Pipa performance originated in Chongming Island, Shanghai, and has a history of more than 300 years. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Jia Gongda, fan zhengkui, Li Liancheng and song Huiyu combined the north and South pipa playing styles, inherited the ancient music and developed new ideas, and gradually formed the Yingzhou ancient tune school. From the end of Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, Wang Dongyang, Huang Xiuting, Shen Zhaozhou and other representatives of Yingzhou ancient tune school appeared. In 1916, Shen Zhaozhou compiled and published the score of Yingzhou Gudiao, which contains 45 pieces, including 22 adagio such as Feihua Diancui, 17 Allegro such as Suiyuan, 5 Wenban such as Sichun, and one Wuban such as ambush on all sides. From then on, Yingzhou ancient tune school expanded its influence and became famous all over the world. In the 1940s, Yang Xudong, Zhou Nianwen and Zhao Zhishan, the successors of Yingzhou ancient tune school in Chongming County, had excellent skills and were known as "three Pipa masters". Nowadays, the playing skills of Chongming Yingzhou Gudiao school are well-known throughout the country, and have become one of the four major Pipa schools recognized by the music industry.

The pipa playing fingering of Yingzhou ancient tune school requires "the twisting method is sparse and vigorous, the wheel method is dense and clear", and advocates "slow but continuous, fast but not chaotic, elegant and correct music, the sound is not too high, and the rhythm can not be promoted". Its lunzhi is good at "xiachulun". Its timbre is delicate and soft. It is good at expressing quiet and elegant emotion, showing leisure and delicate interest. Most of Yingzhou Gudiao school's repertoire is Wenban Xiaoqu, each piece describes a scene or a thing, which can be performed independently or in combination, which is unique in Chinese Pipa school. Yingzhou Gudiao Pipa is a famous Pipa school in China, which takes the strength and grandeur of the northern Pipa school and the beauty and softness of the southern Pipa school.

At present, the number of inheritors of ancient tunes in Yingzhou has decreased from more than 30 in the early days of the founding of new China to 8, of which only one can play the divertimento. In the national music circle, there are only 8 to 10 pieces of music of Yingzhou Gudiao school played in teaching. For Yingzhou Gudiao school, which has 45 pieces, its complete style can not be displayed. In this situation, it is urgent to rescue and protect the pipa performance art of Yingzhou ancient tune school, and we must start quickly.