Ningbo Zhujin lacquer wood carving

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Ningbo Zhujin lacquer wood carving

Applicant: Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

Project No.: 340

Project No.: Ⅶ - 41

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: traditional art

Region: Zhejiang Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

Protection unit: Ningbo zhujinqi woodcarving Culture Development Co., Ltd

Brief introduction of Ningbo Zhujin lacquer wood carving:

Applicant: Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province

Ningbo Zhujin lacquer wood carving is abbreviated as "Zhujin wood carving". Its main skill is to stick gold lacquer on the wood carving. It takes Ningbo City of Zhejiang Province as the center and extends to Cixi, Yuyao, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Ninghai, Zhenhai, Yinzhou and other places.

The lacquer painting process in Ningbo can be traced back to the Hemudu culture of the Neolithic age, while the Zhu Jin lacquer wood carving in Ningbo has the same origin with the gold foil Decal Art of the Han Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, with the development of wood structure architecture, decorative wood carvings with color paint and gilding appeared. The existing Zhujin wood carvings on the architectural decoration of asokang temple in Ningbo are of this style, which is very similar to the Zhujin wood carvings on the lecture hall and Sheri Hall of zhaoti temple built by monk Jianzhen and his disciples in Japan in the second year of Qianyuan of Tang Dynasty. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhujin lacquer wood carving has been widely used in folk daily life, daily furnishings, Buddha carving, furniture decoration, especially the "bed" and "sedan chair" used in weddings and weddings. It is both exquisite and ostentatious, which leads to the saying of "thousand worker bed" and "ten thousand worker sedan chair". In addition, the carved wooden boats, drum pavilions and platform pavilions used to welcome the gods and participate in the Lantern Festival are all made of Zhujin lacquer wood carvings, which are excellent folk crafts.

The characters of Zhu Jinqi wood carvings are mostly from Beijing opera, and the artists imitate the costumes and postures of the opera, which is known as "jingban style". The composition of "jingban style" is mainly composed of characters with background. The relationship between the above and the below is far and near, so the picture is full and full. Wood carvings often have people and horses bigger than houses, trees as mountains, grass as stones, birds and clouds as sky, scenery as land, boats as river, "warriors have no neck, beauties have no shoulders, masters protrude belly, warriors hold chest". These distinctive images and stylized expression techniques make the traditional Zhujin lacquer wood carvings in Ningbo full of endless fun. The carving materials of Zhujin lacquer wood carving mainly include camphor wood, basswood wood, ginkgo, etc. the forms include relief, round carving, through carving, etc. in addition, there are painting, gilding, placer gold, silver grinding, gold carving and other technological means.

"Three parts carving and seven parts lacquer" is the experience summary of Zhu Jinqi wood carving artists. It can be seen that the main feature of Zhu Jinqi wood carving is lacquer rather than carving. The key lies in lacquer materials (raw lacquer) and lacquer art, that is, sticking gold foil and painting vermilion. Among them, the processes of grinding, scraping and filling, coloring, gilding and painting are very particular. There are as many as 18 technological processes. Gilding has the key of "five first and five later, four accurate and four fast", which requires higher requirements. According to this implementation, it can produce magnificent and golden effect. From sun Yutian in the late Qing Dynasty to now, there are inheritors of Zhu Jinqi wood carving in all previous dynasties. Now there are more than 50 inheritors, such as Huang Cailiang in Ninghai, Tong Xiaohai in Fenghua, Chen Gaiyin in Yinzhou, Xie Wuhong in Dongqianhu, Dai Xinguo in Ninghai, Zhou Xifang in Fenghua, Ge Anfei in Ninghai.

With the change of folk customs, Ningbo Zhujin lacquer wood carving is far less important in people's life. Nowadays, when people make antique furniture, they still use this technique, but it is not as good as in the past. The main reason is that they have lost the true story and their level is declining. Producers no longer strictly abide by the process, often arbitrarily simplify the production process or use substitutes to reduce costs. The skillful and perfect skills and superb performance in the tradition, as well as the relationship between painters and sculptors, can hardly be seen again today. Due to the lack of inheritance system and social security, zhujinqi woodcarving technology will be difficult to continue to exist and develop in its original form, which needs to be rescued, supported, excavated and protected.