Huizhou three sculptures (Wuyuan three sculptures)

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Huizhou three sculptures (Wuyuan three sculptures)

Applicant: Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province

Item No.: 336

Project No.: Ⅶ - 37

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: traditional art

Region: Jiangxi Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province

Protection unit: Wuyuan County Institute of culture

Brief introduction of Huizhou three sculptures (Wuyuan three sculptures)

Applicant: Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province

Ancient Huizhou included Huangshan City in Anhui Province and Wuyuan County in Jiangxi Province. "Three Sculptures in Huizhou" are the general name of three kinds of crafts, namely wood carving, brick carving and stone carving, which are popular in ancient Huizhou area. They are all decorative sculptures of Ming and Qing Dynasties buildings in ancient Huizhou area and have strong local cultural color.

Huizhou ancient buildings are mainly dwellings, official houses, ancestral temples, temples, bridges and memorial archways. Both building components and household equipment have strong regional style, and they pay great attention to carving decoration. Generally, wooden carvings are used to decorate the moon beam, forehead Fang, Dou Gong, que Ti, Liang Tuo (commonly known as Yuanbao), flat plate head, tenon decoration, hook and hang, door and window lattice, skirt board, tapering board, lotus door, window pane, window railing board, railing, porch top, floor edge guard board, hang Luo and other parts of the house, while the furniture displayed in the house, such as bed, couch, chair, cabinet, table, dresser, desk, etc There are also exquisite wood carvings. Brick carvings are mainly used to decorate the gatehouse, door cover, etc., while stone carvings are mainly used to decorate the stone railings of ancestral halls, the foundation stones, leaky windows and stone archways of the door walls. The "Three Sculptures of Huizhou" are closely and steadily coordinated with the whole building. Its layout, structure, decoration, construction and connotation are amazing. Whether it is wood carving, brick carving or stone carving, they all combine relief carving, openwork carving, round carving, line carving and other techniques, from which we can see the inheritance context of China's architectural decoration carving art since Han and Tang Dynasties. At the same time, it also reflects the influence of other art categories in Huizhou culture, such as Xin'an School of painting, Huizhou School of engraving, Huizhou School of seal cutting, Huizhou inkstone carving, ink mold carving and other art styles on Huizhou architectural decoration carving style The influence of grid.

The production process of "Huizhou Three Sculptures" varies with different materials, tools and techniques. For example, the production process of brick carving includes repairing brick, lofting, roughing, thinning, polishing, repairing, etc. the traditional tools mainly include charcoal stick, chisel, brick planer, pry, mallet, grindstone, emery cloth, hacksaw, brown brush, lead drill, etc.; the production process of wood carving includes material taking, lofting, roughing, centering, thinning, polishing, wiping and painting, etc Wood hammer, chisel, carving knife, steel wire saw, grindstone, emery cloth, etc.; the production process of stone carving includes stone processing, drafting, roughening, roughening, hollowing out, fining, etc.; traditional tools mainly include chisel, wedge, flat chisel, carving knife, hammer, axe, chopping axe, Hazi, chopping, grinding head, etc.

The traditional craftsmanship of "Three Sculptures" in Huizhou has always been widely spread in the folk architecture and sculpture industry. After 1979, a number of ancient architecture and garden construction enterprises were established one after another, and some old artists of "Three Sculptures" were reorganized and began to teach apprentices. However, due to the changes of building materials and tools and the construction cost accounting, the traditional carving techniques, which are time-consuming, labor-consuming, material consuming and difficult to master the knife technique, are gradually excluded from the scope of application, and many techniques have been lost.

Wuyuan three carvings refer to the brick, stone and wood carvings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province. They belong to the branch of Huizhou architectural art. Most of the products are used as decorative parts in dwellings, official houses, ancestral temples, temples, bridges and archways. Its origin can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, the rise of Huizhou merchants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "Wuyuan Three Sculptures" reached its peak relying on Huizhou architecture, and the relevant techniques were mainly distributed in Jiangwan Town, Sikou Town, Longshan Town, tuochuan Town, Zheyuan Town, Qinghua Town, duanshen town, zhentou town and other villages.

In the 24th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, Yu Maoxue, Minister of the Ministry of household and Minister of the Ministry of industry, was founded in Likeng, tuochuan, Wuyuan County. The decoration on the building can be regarded as the first example of "Three Sculptures of Wuyuan". Later, Yu maoheng, Minister of the Ministry of official in the Ming Dynasty, also built "shangguanqingdi" in Likeng in the 6th year of Tianqi. In the 16th year of Shunzhi reign of Qing Dynasty, simadi was built in Weishu, which marked that Wuyuan three sculptures entered a new stage of development. In the 20th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a "hundred pillar ancestral hall" was built in Huang Village, Gutan Township, northern Wuyuan County. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, a "commercial house group" was built in Sixi and Yancun of Wuyuan County.

Although Wuyuan three sculptures are attached to Hui style architecture, they have profound cultural connotation and high artistic value by combining Aesthetics, mechanics, mathematics, history and ecology. The materials of Wuyuan three carvings are very strict. Bricks must be made of local water milled green bricks, stones must be made of qianxianhei in Anhui, qingtianshi in Zhejiang and chaqingshi in Chun'an, large wood carvings must be made of maple, camphor, cypress and Castanopsis eyrei with more than 100 years old, and fine wood carvings must be made of fine-grained Nan, jujube, poplar and peach. All kinds of knife techniques are the key to "Wuyuan Three Sculptures". They are characterized by not sticking to one method, mixing and using, so that the works can achieve the effect of ethereal and transparent. Therefore, round carving, relief carving, light carving, deep carving and through carving are very common. Starting from Liu Sanyuan, who was nicknamed "Diao San Diao", the technique of "Wuyuan San Diao" has its own pedigree, but now it is in danger of being lost, just like "Huizhou San Diao", and it is in urgent need of rescue and support.