Daoqing in Northern Shaanxi

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Daoqing in Northern Shaanxi

Applicant: Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province

Item No.: 772

Project No.: V - 79

Time of publication: 2008 (second batch)

Category: quyi

Region: Shaanxi Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province

Protection unit: Yan'an culture and Art Center (Yan'an Mass Art Museum)

Introduction to Daoqing in Northern Shaanxi

Applicant: Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province

The Daoqing of Northern Shaanxi Province is widely spread in Zichang County, Yanchuan County and Qingjian County, and radiates to northwest Shanxi, Hetao of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Ningxia. It originated from the rhyme of chanting sutras by Taoists in the Tang Dynasty and developed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has a history of more than one thousand years.

Daoqing in Northern Shaanxi can be divided into two branches: Daoqing in the East and Daoqing in the West. The East is called "xindiao", while the west is called "laodiao". There are differences in their musical modes. In the East, the singing style is high pitched and bright, while in the west, the singing style is exquisite and euphemistic. However, their singing tunes are roughly the same, including flat tune, cross tune, Yizhimei tune, Liangqiang tune, shuahan tune, Wuhua tune, luojinxianban tune, gunbai tune and Jieban tune, which are known as "nine tunes and eighteen Tunes". Pingdiao, also known as "qizidiao", is the structure of upper and lower sentences. It is the most basic mode of Daoqing singing in Northern Shaanxi. According to music emotion, it can be divided into "Huayin pingdiao", "Lidiao", "Huaqiang Diao" and other modes. According to music rhythm, it can be divided into "daqiban", "ADAO", "Waiban", "huanyangban", "erliushui", "songban", "Luoban", "Zaiban" ”The combination of the two aspects constitutes the Northern Shaanxi Daoqing singing system of starting, inheriting, transferring, combining and winding; the sentence structure of cross tune adopts the sentence structure of three, three and four, and two identical sentences form a cycle, and the plate mainly includes "slow cross tune", "fast cross tune", "cross tune side plate", "cross tune falling plate", etc.; [Yizhimei] In the Northern Shaanxi dialect, Liangqiang refers to "high spirited Qi", which can be divided into "high pitched Liangqiang", "Zha Qiang", "pingdiao Liangqiang", "baojunliangqiang", "banliangqiang", etc. according to the plate type, the opening part turns from low to high The seven degree scale is composed of two symmetrical sentences in the middle, which can be repeated freely. The ending is the reproduction of the first two parts of melody after rhythm changes, which is loud and clear, and has strong narrative. The "playing children tune" is composed of two major sections, the first section is gentle and deep, the second section is exciting and bright, which is suitable for singing alone. Its plate type includes "whole ending south" and "chaotic ending south". The "falling golden thread board" has a long history, It is regarded as the "living fossil of music", with low and deep tone and slow and free rhythm; [gunbai] is a chanting narration without fixed rhythm, and the gong and drum on the last sustain of each sentence will show the change from weak to strong, from fast to slow, with strong expressive force; [jiecymbal] has board without eyes, with rapid rhythm and high pitch.

Daoqing performance in Northern Shaanxi was originally performed by one or more people, accompanied by xiaosanxian, siyinhu, Guanzi, Xiaogong, Xiaochai and other instruments, and then gradually developed into Daoqing opera. There are more than 20 kinds of traditional repertoire, such as "one hundred thousand gold", "naoshuguan" and "Peony Pavilion". The ways of inheritance mainly include two kinds: the father and son's teaching with the family as the basic unit and the collective inheritance with the village as the basic unit. At present, it is difficult for Daoqing in Northern Shaanxi to survive and there is no successor, so it is in urgent need of protection.