Xinjiang

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.

Xinjiang Name origin

In ancient times, Xinjiang was called the western region. The term western region specifically refers to the geographical scope of Xinjiang from ancient times to the reign of Emperor Qianlong in the middle of the Qing Dynasty.

Before the Qing army entered the customs, its territory was limited to Northeast China. After entering the customs, it quickly unified most of China. However, in some areas, its rule was finally established after many years of repetition. Several generations of emperors in the early Qing Dynasty regarded the unification of all China as their own responsibility. Through the efforts of several generations, the area controlled by the Qing government in China continued to expand and consolidate. By the time of Emperor Qianlong (1736-1796), the decrees of the Qing government could finally be implemented in every corner of China. Emperor Qianlong called the area finally ruled by the Qing government he established as Xinjiang. After the Qing government calmed down the rebellion in Junggar, the northern and southern regions of Tianshan, which was called the western region in ancient times, were also called Xinjiang.

The name Xinjiang has another meaning. After Zuo Zongtang recovered Xinjiang from agubai in 1878, the Tsarist Russian invaders were forced to return to Ili in 1882. Therefore, Zuo Zongtang strongly advocated the establishment of provinces in the north and south of Tianshan. In his memorial to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, he called Xinjiang "a place forced by other nationalities and a new return to his hometown". Therefore, taking Xinjiang as the name of the province has a new meaning. That is, Xinjiang has been an inherent territory of China since ancient times, but because it is the lost land newly recovered from agubai and tsarist Russia, Xinjiang is named as a province, which means "new return of hometown". In 1884, Xinjiang Province was established and officially named Xinjiang province. Traditionally speaking, it has become a noun referring specifically to the western regions, and the word "Xinjiang" has officially become a special noun referring specifically to China's western regions, which has been used until now.

Xinjiang Pre Qin Period

Archaeological data from all parts of Modern Xinjiang show that human activities existed in Xinjiang at the latest six or seven thousand years ago. In the Neolithic Age about two or three thousand years ago, traces of human ancestral activities have appeared in the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, such as SANDAOLING in Hami, qijiaojing, Astana in Turpan Basin, Chaiwobao in Urumqi county, and Mulei, Qitai, Ili, Kuqa, Bachu, Qiemo, Khotan, Pishan, etc The carving technology and coexisting pottery colors and patterns are similar to those in Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and other places in China. The painting of triangle pattern, vortex pattern and string pattern of painted pottery unearthed 3000 years ago in Xinjiang and the shape of pottery beans have affected the development of painted pottery culture and art in Gansu and the mainland.

Xinjiang Han Dynasty

The real and specific records of the geographical history of the western regions in ancient Chinese history began in the Han Dynasty. Similarly, in the Han Dynasty, the central government began to set up local government institutions in the western regions. Therefore, since the Han Dynasty, the western regions have been an integral part of China. By the early Western Han Dynasty, the social economy in the north and south of Tianshan had developed greatly.

The great cause of conquering the western regions of the Western Han Dynasty began with the expedition against the Huns. Xiongnu was a strong nomadic nationality in the grassland area of northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties. The unified jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty over the northern region, including the western region, ended the long-standing division of nomadic tribes in the region, and created conditions for the formation of a national unity.

In order to defeat the Huns and consolidate their rule, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, decided to "connect the western regions, break the right arm of the Huns, and isolate the southern Qiang and Yueshi". Therefore, he first sent Zhang Qian to the western regions twice to strengthen the ties with the western regions and jointly deal with the Huns. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered Li Guangli to invade Dawan in the first year of the Taichu period (104 BC) and twice in three years (in today's Fergana basin in Central Asia), so that many cities and countries in the western regions were subject to the Han Dynasty one after another. In 102 BC, the Han army conquered Dawan city (now Fergana), which greatly increased the prestige of the Han Dynasty among countries in the western regions. The following year, the Han Dynasty stationed troops in Luntai, Quli and other places in the western regions, and placed envoys and captains under their command.

Due to the internal strife of the Xiongnu, Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions, Shan led more than 10000 people to the Han Dynasty. The Han envoy Zheng Ji, who protected Shanshan to the west, welcomed it, and the ruling power of the Xiongnu in the western regions collapsed. Therefore, the Han government sent Zheng Ji to protect Shanshan from the Southwest Road to "protect the North Road (West of Cheshi), so it was called Duhu". In 60 BC, the central government of the Western Han Dynasty established the western region capital protectorate, and Xinjiang officially became a part of Chinese territory.

During the Western Han Dynasty, with the exchange and dissemination of economic culture between the East and the west, it greatly promoted the further development of social economy in the western region. Flax, broad beans, pomegranates, garlic, grapes, alfalfa and other crops from the western regions have been introduced into the mainland one after another. Dawan horse, Wusun horse and all kinds of fur, known as the "heavenly horse", have also continuously entered the Central Plains through the "Silk Road". At the same time, silk and silk fabrics from the central plains were also introduced into the western regions and spread to Europe. Advanced production tools and agricultural experience, such as iron molds, iron hoes and other iron agricultural tools and field substitution methods, well digging technology and iron smelting technology, were introduced into the western regions along with the soldiers.

At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was no time to operate the western regions. At first, they wanted to control the western regions through Shache to fight against the Xiongnu, but the countries in the western regions were dissatisfied with the slavery and aggression of Shache King Xian, and all the countries in the western regions were attached to the Xiongnu. In 73 ad, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty sent generals to attack the Huns in the north of the frontier, and sent banchao to Shanshan and Khotan to kill the Hun envoys. Shanshan and Khotan sent their sons to serve, which belonged to the Han Dynasty. In 74 ad, Shule returned to the Han Dynasty. In the winter of that year, the Eastern Han Dynasty established the western regions' capital guard and Wuji school captain, restoring the Han Dynasty's rule over the western regions.

In 76 ad, Yanqi and kuci attacked the western regions and protected Chen mu. Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty gave up managing the western regions and gave up except Wuji school captain and Duhu. In 91 ad, the Han army defeated the Xiongnu in Altai mountain. In the winter of that year, kuci, Gumo and Wensu were attached. The Han Dynasty reset the capital protection of the western regions, took ban Chao as the capital protection, ruled the city of kuci and tagan, and set the long history of the western regions and Wuji captain. In 94 ad, ban Chao broke Yanqi, and all the more than 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

When Ren Shang was the protector of the western regions, he was strict in politics, which aroused the dissatisfaction of all countries. In the autumn of 106 ad, the western countries rebelled against the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Duanxi was the capital of the western regions. In 107 ad, Emperor Han'an, on the ground that "the western regions are far away, there are several betrayals, and the officials and scholars tuntian, their expenses have nothing to do", stopped the protection of the western regions and welcomed the officials and scholars tuntian in Yiwulu and Liuzhong. After the Han Dynasty abandoned the western regions, the northern Xiongnu regained possession of the western regions. In 123 and 126 ad, ban Yong successively defeated King Ili and King Huyan of the Huns. In 127 ad, Yanqi begged for surrender, and all the countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty.

Xinjiang Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties

In 221 ad, the regime of Cao Wei (220-265 AD), one of the Three Kingdoms, inherited the Han system, set up "Wuji school captain" in the western region, ruled Gaochang (Turpan), and then set up a long history of the western region to manage many nationalities in the western region. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty (265-316 AD), Zhang Jun, the founder of the former Liang regime (301-376 AD), launched an expedition to the west, occupied Gaochang area and established Gaochang county. The Northern Wei Dynasty set up Shanshan town and Yanqi Town to strengthen the governance of the western regions.

The Wei, Jin, southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 220-ad 589) was a period of great ethnic integration in China. Various ethnic groups migrated frequently, and many ancient ethnic groups entered Xinjiang, such as Rouran, Gaoche, dunda, Tuyuhun, etc. Rouran, a descendant of the Donghu people (ancient Chinese family name), an ancient ethnic group in the northern grassland, rose in the Mongolian grassland in the early fifth century, established a powerful political power in 402, and competed with the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Gaoche, also known as Chile and tiele, was originally nomadic in Baikal Lake, erhun River and Tula River Basin. In 487 A.D., more than 100000 tribes (households) belonging to Fu Zhiluo and his brother poor Qi moved westward to establish Gaoche state in the northwest of the front of Cheshi (now the old city of Jiaohe in Turpan). It started from the northern part of the Great Wall. At the end of the 5th century, it entered the Tarim Basin in the East, attacked Yueshi in the south, established political power, crossed the Pamir Plateau, and once controlled part of Southern Xinjiang. Tuguhun originated from Xianbei and moved westward from Liaodong (generally referring to the area east of Liaohe River) in the early 4th century. It gradually controlled the Di, Qiang and other nationalities in Gannan (Southern Gansu), Sichuan and Qinghai and established political power.

Xinjiang Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the fifth year of the great cause of the Sui Dynasty (609), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Hexi, and Qu Boya, king of Gaochang, and other leaders and envoys of 27 countries came to Zhangye to meet. Tuyuhun promised to block and plunder the silk trade road in Hexi corridor. In 608 ad, the Sui Dynasty defeated Tuyuhun Fuyun. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty set up Xihai, Heyuan and other counties in the east of the western regions and Qinghai. However, in addition to controlling the smallest Heyuan County in the east of Qinghai for a very short time, several other counties were not controlled by the Sui Dynasty. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty sent Fu Shun to manage Yu Zhong. Only when he arrived in Xiping, he could not move forward and had to return. A few years later, Tuyuhun Fuyun recovered all the lost land and attacked the right river of the Sui Dynasty, which the prefectures and counties of the Sui Dynasty could not resist.

In 634 (the ninth year of Zhenguan), Li Jing, Li daozong and Hou Junji of the Tang Dynasty broke Tuyuhun several times. Tuyuhun Wang Fuyun hanged himself. Fushun led Tuyuhun to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. In 640 (the 14th year of Zhenguan), the Tang army occupied Gaochang, set up Xizhou there, and set up Tingzhou in Khan futu city (now jimusar); In the same year, Anxi capital was set up in Gaochang, and then moved to Kuqa and changed to Anxi Dadu capital. The four towns of Tong'an West: kuizi, Shule, Khotan and Zaiye (today's Tokamak city of Kyrgyzstan), which are equivalent to the Chu River Basin in today's Xinjiang, Eastern Kazakhstan and Northern Kyrgyzstan. From 656 (the first year of Xianqing) to 664 (the first year of Linde), Wu Zetian assisted Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty for the queen to listen to the government. In the following two decades, the Tang army launched a series of expeditions against the Western Turks. Tang Gaozong launched an army to attack the Western Turks in two ways, North and south, and destroyed the Western Turks in one fell swoop. In 657, the Western Turks completely surrendered, and all the territory of the Western Turks was owned by the Tang Dynasty. During the years of Xianqing and longshuo (661-663), the Tang army calmed down the Western Turks, and the jurisdiction has been expanded to the East and west of Altai Shanxi to the Aral Sea and Congling to the cities on both sides of the Amu Darya River, including most of today's Xinjiang.

In 670, Tubo entered Anxi, and in 673, the Tang Dynasty regained control of Anxi; In 678, Tubo took kuizi and other four towns; In 679, the Tang Dynasty attacked Tubo with Cui Zhi's troops and occupied four towns such as kuizi and Chale; From 687 to 689, Wu Zetian reduced the defense of Anxi, and Tubo took the opportunity to occupy the four towns of Anxi; In 692, Wang Xiaojie, the general manager of Wuwei army, broke into Tubo, recovered the four towns of Anxi, resettled the Anxi capital to protect the house in Kucha, and stationed 30000 soldiers in Tang Dynasty. In 702, the Tang Dynasty set up the Beiting capital protectorate in Tingzhou. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (712-756 AD), the Tang Dynasty set up "Qixi Jiedushi" on the two Dadu protectors, which was one of the eight Jiedushi at that time. Since then, the Tang Dynasty resisted the competition of the Tibetan and Arab empires for the western regions, and fought with the Tibetan and Arab empires and their affiliated forces many times in 715, 717 and 747 (Gao Xianzhi took xiaobolu) and 751 (the battle of Talos).

The an Shi rebellion broke out in 755 and the Tang Dynasty was seriously weakened. Around 790 A.D., Tubo occupied the Beiting of the western regions. After 790 A.D., Tubo occupied Anxi. Soon after, the Uighurs expelled Tubo and occupied the western regions. During the reign of Huaixin Khan (795-805), the Uighurs expelled Tubo and controlled Beiting. When the Uighur Baoyi Khan (reigned from 808 to 821), the Uighur forces had expanded westward to Yanqi and kuci. After the middle of the 9th century, both Tubo and Uighur declined, and this area entered the period of scuffle. Several countries coexisted in the western regions. Among them, there are local regimes such as Gaochang, black Khan dynasty and Khotan. After Mobei Uighur Khanate destroyed Gaochang and Kara Khanate in 840, Uighurs who moved westward to the western regions gathered with other Turkic speaking families to establish local political power. Khotan is an ancient Serbian settlement. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the Yuchi royal family in Khotan came into power and had close contacts with the Central Plains. They claimed the surname Li because they had been canonized by the Tang Dynasty. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Hei Khan dynasties controlled today's western Xinjiang. At the same time, a branch of Uighur settled in central Xinjiang.

On the eve of the fall of the Liao state, the imperial clan Yelu Dashi led his troops to move westward. After occupying the old land of Uighur and black Khanate in Xizhou, Dashi expanded westward to the Amu Darya River Basin. Dashi became emperor in 1132 (i.e. 1131) and established the Western Liao regime. The territory includes the north and south of Tianshan Mountain, the west of Pamir Plateau to the West Bank of Amu Darya River to the south of Aral Sea, and the northeast of Balkash lake to the west of Mongolia.

Xinjiang Yuan Dynasty

In 1206, the Mongolian Empire was established and the country name was changed to yuan in 1271. During the Mongol and Yuan Dynasties, most of the western regions were the fiefs of Chagatai, the second son of Genghis Khan, that is, the Chagatai Khanate. In addition, in the Yuan Dynasty, Ali Mali (ALI Mali) province was set up in the current Yili River Basin, but it was soon incorporated into the Chagatai Khanate. Provinces were established on the South Bank of the Amu Darya River and later incorporated into the Yili Khanate. Today, there was a beluga Province in Urumqi, which was once occupied by the Chagatai Khanate, and later became the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty.

Xinjiang Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was in a state of retreat in the western regions, and set up the military and civilian Marshal's house in Northeast Kashmir and Western Tibet; In 1406, Hami guards were established, and local aristocratic leaders were appointed as officials at all levels to govern local military and political affairs, maintain the safety of business channels, and exercise Jimi control over the western regions. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), after the fall of the Chagatai Khanate, its descendants built Beisi Bali, and the capital was Beisi Bali (now Jimsar broke the city in the North). In the 16th year of Yongle (1418), the capital was moved to Yili (now Yining). In the middle of the 15th century, the Ministry of Turpan was powerful. In 1472, Hami and other garrisons were once broken by Turpan. The garrisons moved in and then recovered. They were merged again in 1514, and the Ming Dynasty finally retreated to Jiayuguan. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the eastern Chagatai Khanate evolved into the Yeerqiang Khanate.

Xinjiang Qing Dynasty

In the 17th century, Junggar (a branch of Mongolia) rebelled and attacked Outer Mongolia. In 1697, the Qing army defeated Junggar and took control of eastern Xinjiang. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, a new territory was established in the southeast of Guizhou, also known as Xinjiang. At that time, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places in the western region were newly incorporated into the regions under the rule of the Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as "six halls of Xinjiang". According to the draft of the history of the Qing Dynasty: "in the 12th year, ha yuan was born into the new map of opening up the Miao border, and Yin Jishan supervised Yun and GUI, resulting in the change of Guizhou and Miao. At the beginning, the Miao border opened up two or three thousand miles, almost half of Guizhou Province, increased the camp and set up flood control, and most of the defense troops of all counties and counties in the hinterland moved to Xinjiang."

In 1755, the Qing Dynasty captured guleza; In 1757, the Qing Dynasty completely put down the Junggar rebellion. Emperor Qianlong named this land "Xinjiang" because of the meaning of "new return of hometown". In 1759, the Qing Dynasty calmed down the Hui tribe in the south of Tianshan Mountain, which took advantage of the disappearance of the Junggar tribe, that is, the rebellion of Xiaohe Zhuo, the leader of the Baishan sect of Islam. From then on, the Qing Dynasty completely established its stable rule over Xinjiang and lifted the threat of the Kazakh Khanate from the nobility of Junggar. The three Yuzi, large, medium and small, have successively expressed their obedience to the Qing Dynasty, and some herdsmen have moved back to Altay, Tacheng and Ili for grazing; It is not only Kazak and burut who require annexation, but also tribes in the west of the Congling mountains, such as Haohan, badak mountain, Pamir, buhar, Shanke, Tashkent and aiwuhan (Afghanistan) in today's western Xinjiang, have expressed annexation. In 1771, under the leadership of the leader vobassi, the turhutes defeated the Czar Russia and prevented them from returning to the motherland from the Kazakh grassland thousands of miles away.

The Opium War in 1840 was the beginning of modern Chinese society. After the Opium War, China's territorial sovereignty was trampled on by the great powers. The struggle task of the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang against foreign invasion, division and feudal exploitation and oppression was even more arduous. Xinjiang's destiny with the motherland is getting closer and closer.

After the first Opium War, Xinjiang, which is located in the northwest border of the motherland, was deeply invaded by Tsarist Russia. From 1860 to 1851, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino Russian Beijing treaty, the Sino Russian agreement on the northwest boundary of the exploration division, and the Sino Russian articles of Association for trade between Ili and talbahatai. The Treaty of Tacheng in 1864 ceded the territory of more than 440000 square kilometers south of Balkash Lake in northwest Xinjiang to Russia and then to Tajikistan. In the spring of 1865, akuba of Central Asia, a vast country adjacent to Xinjiang, entered Xinjiang from Kashgar and ruled most of Xinjiang for six years, bringing calm disaster to the people of Xinjiang. In 1871, on the pretext that the Yili peasant uprising and the agubai forces threatened Russia's security, Russia occupied the Ili River Valley, including guleza city (Yining City), and the Qing Dynasty left only a few data points in Xinjiang, such as Tacheng.

In 1875, Zuo Zongtang, governor of Shaanxi and Gansu Province of the Qing Dynasty, took office as imperial envoy minister to supervise Xinjiang affairs. By January 1878, the Qing army successively recovered the north and south of Tianshan Mountain occupied by agubai, which is known as the "war of the Qing army to recover Xinjiang". In 1881 (the seventh year of Guangxu), Zeng Jize, an envoy of the Qing government, after a hard diplomatic struggle with tsarist Russia, reached the Sino Russian Ili treaty, which agreed that the Tsarist Russian troops would withdraw from Ili the next year. China paid compensation and allowed Russian businessmen to trade in Xinjiang without paying taxes, and Russia set up consuls in Jiayuguan and Turpan. In 1882, Ili returned to the embrace of the motherland.

From 1882 to 1884, tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to sign five demarcation protocols, including the Ili boundary treaty, the Kashgar boundary treaty, the Kota boundary treaty, the southwest boundary Treaty of tahaba, and the Sino Russian continued exploration of the Kashgar boundary treaty, in accordance with the principled agreement on modifying the South and North borders in the Sino Russian Ili treaty, thus seizing the west of the Horgos River More than 70000 square kilometers east of Zhaisang lake.

In 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu's reign), the Qing government issued the imperial edict on the establishment of Xinjiang Province and established Xinjiang province. The governor was in charge of all military and political affairs in Xinjiang and implemented the same administrative system in Xinjiang as in mainland China. Liu Jintang was appointed the first governor of Xinjiang, and the political center of Xinjiang was moved from Yili to Dihua (now Urumqi).

In 1892, Russia forcibly occupied more than 20000 square kilometers west of the sarekool mountains in the southwest of Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty (see the Tsarist Russian occupation of Pamir).

The Qing Dynasty's management of Xinjiang, both in scale and scope, was far better than previous dynasties, and the social economy made unprecedented progress and development. By 1909 (the first year of Xuantong), Xinjiang province had four roads, under which there were 6 prefectures, 10 departments, 3 prefectures and 21 counties or sub counties.

Xinjiang the Republic of China era

After the Qing Dynasty entered the 20th century, the bourgeois revolutionary movement was rising day by day. Shortly after the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911, Liu Xianjun, a revolutionary party in Xinjiang, planned to initiate the uprising in Dihua city. Failed because of betrayal by traitors. The following year, the revolutionaries led by Yang zanxu, Feng Temin and Li Fuhuang succeeded in the uprising in Ili. Declare the end of the reactionary rule of the Qing Dynasty in Ili. Later, due to the abdication of emperor Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai ordered Yang Zengxin to be the governor of Xinjiang. Yang Zengxin used both soft and hard means to force the revolutionaries to compromise, and the Yili uprising led by the bourgeoisie failed.

After Yang Zengxin served as governor of Xinjiang, he died of infighting among the ruling group after ruling Xinjiang for 17 years. In 1928, following the governor of Xinjiang, Jin Shuren further deepened social unrest. At the end of 1933, Jin Shuren was forced to flee. Sheng Shicai took over as governor and began his 10-year rule.

Under the influence of some progressive youth and the help of the Soviet Union, Sheng Shicai formed the "six major policies" of "anti imperialism, pro Soviet, people's peace, honesty, peace and construction" in 1936. In 1937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out the all-round war of resistance against Japan. In order to unite all forces to resist Japan together, the Communist Party of China has formed an anti Japanese national united front with Sheng Shicai. In October 1937, Sheng Shicai agreed to establish the Eighth Route Army Office of the Communist Party of China in Dihua, with Teng Daiyuan as the director. Subsequently, the Party Central Committee sent more than 100 party members to work in Xinjiang.

In 1941, German fascists launched the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. Sheng Shicai misestimated the situation and openly opposed the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. Create the "April 12 conspiracy riot case" to kill CPC members, kill CPC members such as Chen Tanqiu, Mao Zemin and Lin Jilu, abandon the six major policies and join the Kuomintang.

At the end of the Anti Japanese War, the Soviet Union intervened in Xinjiang affairs again. In 1944, the "Three District revolution" against Kuomintang unification broke out. Elihan Tulie stole the leadership in the early stage of the "Three District revolution", established the "East Turkestan Republic" in Yining and served as the "chairman". In September 1944, Chiang Kai Shek transferred Sheng Shicai to Nanjing, sent Wu Zhong to trust the governor of Xinjiang, and ordered Ma Bufang, chairman of Northwest warlord Gansu Province, to send an army of cavalry to all parts of Xinjiang for armed counter insurgency. The forces represented by Ahmadi River hasmu gradually eliminated the reactionary forces. In June 1946, Ahmadi River and abasov abolished the post of elihan Tulie and reorganized the "East Turkistan Republic" into the Council of Ili special region.

Xinjiang Period of the people's Republic of China

In 1949, at the end of the civil war between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, Deng Liqun was ordered to bring radio to Ili and Dihua (now Urumqi) to meet with the revolutionary leaders of the three districts, such as ahematijiang, ishakburke, abasov, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan. The Central Committee decided to send five representatives from Xinjiang to attend the New Political Consultative Conference, and hoped that Uygur and Kazak representatives would attend. Five deputies were killed in the plane crash, and saifuding, alimujiang and Tu Zhi were sent again to attend the CPPCC National Committee meeting.

In 1949, the first field army of the Chinese people's Liberation Army led by Peng Dehuai liberated Lanzhou on August 26, and then the whole territory of Gansu. After that, through the mediation of Zhang Zhizhong, Tao Shiyue and Bao erhan, military and political leaders of the National Revolutionary Army in Xinjiang, announced the uprising of the Interim National Government leaving Guangzhou. On September 25, the first corps of the first field army captured Urumqi under the leadership of General Wang Zhen. October 1, 1955 was the founding day of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Xinjiang has 14 prefectures, prefectures and cities and 90 counties (cities), of which 34 are border counties (cities).

In the 1960s, the East Turkestan people's revolutionary party, which committed crimes repeatedly, was uncovered. In 1962, under the background of tense Sino Soviet relations, incited by the Soviet authorities, a large number of border people in Xinjiang fled across the border to the Soviet Union. In 1969, China and the Soviet Union had an armed conflict in tielieketi, Xinjiang (tielieketi incident).

In the 1970s, under the severe crackdown of the Chinese government, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang were at a low ebb.

In December 1981, the Chinese government decided to restore the Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, which was abolished in 1975. The production and Construction Corps began its second venture, and its construction and development entered a new period.

In the 1980s, the activities of ethnic separatist forces in Xinjiang intensified, and a series of riots and riots occurred. Since the 1990s, ethnic separatist organizations and gangs in Xinjiang have increased sharply. Under the influence of religious extremism, separatism and international terrorism, some "East Turkistan" forces at home and abroad have turned to separatist and destructive activities with terrorist violence as the main means.

In January 2014, with the approval of the State Council, Shuanghe city at the county level was established in Bortala Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, implementing the "division city integration" model of BINGTUAN City, which is under the management of the fifth division of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps. On February 26 of the same year, Shuanghe City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially unveiled. Shuanghe city is the seventh city in the 60 years since the establishment of Xinjiang production and Construction Corps.

On March 18, 2015, kekekedala was approved to be built as the eighth city of Xinjiang corps.

In April 2015, with the approval of the State Council, Turpan region was abolished and a prefecture level Turpan city was established. The newly established prefecture level Turpan city implemented the system of municipal leading districts and counties. The original organizational system (county level) of Turpan city was changed to Gaochang District, while Shanshan county and tuokesun County remained unchanged.

On January 7, 2016, the State Council (Guo Han [2016] No. 9) approved the cancellation of Hami Prefecture and county level Hami City and the establishment of prefecture level Hami City. Hami Municipal People's government is located at No. 19, Jianguo South Road, Yizhou district. Yizhou district is established in Hami City, and the administrative area of the original county-level Hami City is the administrative area of Yizhou district. Yizhou District People's government is located at No. 2, Guangdong Road, Donghe District street. Hami City governs Balikun Kazakh Autonomous County, Yiwu county and the newly established Yizhou District of Hami region.

On December 6, 2019, with the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to establish a county-level huyanghe city directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. No. 8, Guangming East Road, 130th regiment, seventh division, Xinjiang production and Construction Corps, huyanghe Municipal People's government.

In January 2021, with the approval of the State Council and the reply of the Ministry of civil affairs, Shawan County was abolished and a county-level Shawan city was established. The administrative area of Shawan city was the original administrative area of Shawan County. Shawan Municipal People's government was located at No. 29, Century Avenue South Road, sandaohezi town. With the approval of the State Council, it is agreed to establish Xinxing city at the county level directly under the central government of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the people's Government of Xinxing city is located at No. 57, Lanxin East Road, Huangtian farm, 13th division.