Fenglin Nature Reserve

Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve

synonym

Fenglin Nature Reserve generally refers to Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve

Fenglin National Nature Reserve is located in Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province, which was founded in 1958. In 1963, a special administrative agency was established. In 1988, it was approved as a national nature reserve by the State Council. He joined the Chinese man and biosphere network in 1993. In 1997, it was incorporated into the World Biosphere Reserve Network by UNESCO. It is a demonstration area of the capacity building, research and extension project of sustainable forest management of the United Nations Development Programme. It is also the earliest reserve in Heilongjiang Province to join the World Biosphere network. In 2006, it was listed as a national demonstration reserve. The main protected objects are the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem and rare wild animals and plants in the north temperate zone, which are mainly Korean pine.

geographical position

Fenglin National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province is located in the north part of the south slope of Xiaoxing'anling in the northeast of Heilongjiang Province, China. The geographical coordinates are E128 ° 58 '～ 129 ° 15', n 48 ° 02 '～ 48 ° 12'. The mountain is not high and the terrain is gentle. The altitude is 280 ～ 683 meters. It is a slope like low mountain and hilly area and a broad valley, and the slope is mostly 1 The average annual temperature is - 0.5 ℃, the frost free period is about 120 days, the annual precipitation is 650 mm, and the water system in the area is dendritic. The Fenglin Nature Reserve is 20km long from east to west and 16km wide from south to north. It borders Wuying forestry bureau with Tangwang River and Fenglin River in the East, South and North, and Shangganling forestry bureau with 630 Dagang in the west, with a total area of 18165.4 hectares and a core area of 4165 hectares The total area of buffer zone is 3812 hectares, and the total area of experimental zone is 10188.4 hectares.

Geology and geomorphology

Fenglin National Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province is an ancient granite distribution area. The terrain of the whole area is island like, surrounded by water (River) on three sides, low-lying, rising slowly from the north, East and south edge to the middle. The platform and valley are wide. The area of low mountains in the middle of the whole area is the most. The general characteristics of the mountain are round top, asymmetric on both sides of the mountain, short and steep sunny slope, long and steep shady slope Slow down.

climate

Fenglin National Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang province belongs to the continental monsoon climate zone of north temperate zone. Affected by the ocean circulation and cold air in Siberia, it has obvious seasonal variation. It has strong wind and little rain in spring, and is prone to drought. It is a season of frequent forest fires. In summer, it is often affected by subtropical denatured ocean air mass, which is rainy and hot. In autumn, it cools sharply, which is often frosty and windy. In winter, it is cold and dry.

The annual average temperature is 0.2 ℃, the maximum annual temperature range can reach 77.5 ℃, the time of daily temperature above 10 ℃ is 120 days, the effective accumulated temperature (≥ 10 ℃) is 1900 ℃ ~ 2200 ℃, the frost free period of plant growth is 100 days ~ 110 days, the average annual precipitation is 110 days, the annual precipitation is 680 ~ 750mm, and the annual evaporation is 930mm. With the seasonal change, the alternation of dry and wet is obvious, and it is in the dry and wet period before May The wet period is from June to August, and the dry period is from September to October.

hydrology

In Fenglin National Nature Reserve, rivers and streams run through the whole area, forming a complete water system. There are nine major and minor rivers: (1) Tangwang River, 26 km from the northeast and southeast border; (2) Fenglin River, 15 km from the north border; (3) Pingyuan River and Tieshan river flowing through the core area; (4) Hongwei river flowing through the buffer area; (5) Qili River, Yingbin River, Yongxu River and Songhua River flowing through the experimental area. The above nine rivers and seasonal streams constitute a complete water system, which provides abundant water resources for the reproduction and growth of animals and plants.

Regional characteristics

Heilongjiang Fenglin National Nature Reserve is the only forest type Biosphere Reserve in North China. The main feature of its ecotourism is the integration of natural scenery appreciation and ecological popular science education, which scientifically shows the ancient and mysterious ecological charm of the original Korean pine forest.

natural resources

plant resources

There are 14 forest vegetation types, mainly as follows: spruce and Korean pine forest, occupying 29.34% of the forest area; Betula formosana and Korean pine forest, occupying 20.64% of the forest area; coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, occupying 7.17% of the forest area; Tilia koraiensis forest, occupying 2.95% of the forest area; fir forest, occupying 1.93% of the forest area.

There are 612 species of plants in 113 families, including 507 angiosperms, 6 gymnosperms, 28 pteridophytes, 71 bryophytes and 380 fungi in 55 families of 23 orders in 4 classes.

land resource

According to the forest resources survey in 1997, the total area of the construction area is 18165 HM, including 17424 HM of forest land and 741 HM of non forest land. In the forest land, there are 17 398 HM of forest area and 26 HM of no forest area. Among the forested land, 7941hm of natural protection forest, 9457hm of experimental forest, experimental area, core area and buffer area accounted for 56.1%, 22.9% and 21% of the total construction area respectively.

Protected objects

animal

There are 41 species of wild animals and 10 species of mammals in Fenglin Nature Reserve, including 2 species of class I protected animals, 8 species of class II protected animals, 31 species of birds, 6 species of class I protected animals and 25 species of class II protected animals. Representative animals are:

(1) Sable < I (mattes zibellina) < / I: national class I protected animal. It is a typical coniferous forest animal in sub frigid zone. It mainly feeds on small mammals and birds (including mice, squirrels, flying mice, rats, hazelnut chickens, grouse, pheasant, etc.), and likes to eat chicks and eggs. In autumn, it often eats berries of plums, blueberries, hawthorn and other plants; in winter, it eats seeds of Korean pine. They mate in summer and give birth in spring. It is rare in this area and should be protected.

(2) Moose < I (Alces arctos) < / I: National Class II protected animal. It mainly inhabits in the original coniferous forest and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest. It mostly lives in the wetland, forest edge and the area where broad-leaved saplings grow. Its habitat varies with seasons: it mainly feeds on the branches and leaves of plants, and it feeds on the bark of Populus davidiana when food is scarce in spring.

(3) Red deer < I (carrus elaphus) < / I: National Class II protected and expanded animal. It is a large deer animal with high economic value. It mainly inhabits in coniferous forest, coniferous broadleaved mixed forest, secondary forest and cutting slash. In winter, the main food is the branches of willow, birch, Tilia amurensis and other trees. The habitat conditions in this area are more suitable for the survival of red deer.

(4) Black bear < I (Selenarctos thibetanus) < / I: National Class II protected animal. It mainly inhabits in coniferous forest and coniferous broadleaved mixed forest. The main hibernation is in the storehouse of poplar and Tilia. In spring and summer, they mainly eat grass, tender leaves and early spring plants, as well as animal carcasses; in autumn, they eat nuts, berries and seeds of various plants, and sometimes small animals. They mate in summer and give birth from December of the same year to February of the next year.

(5) Brown bear < I (Ursus arctos) < / I: National Class II protected animal. The habitat is similar to that of black bear, and its body shape is bigger and stronger than that of black bear. Most of the winter warehouses are underground warehouses or natural caves, and a few are tree warehouses. The proportion of animal food was larger than that of black bear. Its reproductive characteristics are very similar to black bear.

(6) Otter < I (Lutra Lutra) < / I: National Class II protected animal. It is a semi aquatic species, inhabiting in rivers, marshes, banks and nesting under the roots near the water. They live on fish. The fur of otter is very precious, so it should be protected.

(7) Mandarin duck < I (AIX galericulata) < / I: National Class II protected animal: inhabits in forest streams, blisters, swamps and ponds. He often floats on the surface of the water and takes a nap or rests on the river. The main food is straw, fruit, fish, frog, insects and so on. Nest in a tree hole.

(8) Tetrastes bonasia: National Class II protected animal. It is a typical forest bird. It mainly inhabits in coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest, broad-leaved forest and forest edge shrub, and nests under fallen trees or trees and branches. Like to eat poplar, birch buds and inflorescences, but also eat pine seeds, acorns, hazelnuts and grass seeds.

Botany

There are 6 national (grade II) key protected plants, including Pinus koraiensis (< ipinus koraiensis < / isieb. Et Zucc), Fraxinus mandshurica (< ifrax