Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Hohhot, commonly known as Hohhot, formerly known as Guisui, is the capital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the people's Republic of China, an important central city in the border areas of northern China approved by the State Council, and the political, economic and cultural center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. As of 2018, the city has four districts, four counties and one banner, with a total area of 17224 square kilometers, a built-up area of 260 square kilometers, a permanent resident population of 3.216 million, an urban population of 2.183 million, and an urbanization rate of 69.8%.

Hohhot is located in North China, the northern frontier and the interior of Eurasia. It is the core city of Hohhot Baotou Yincheng city group and the central city of Hohhot Baotou Hubei city group. It is an important bridge connecting the Yellow River economic belt, the Eurasian Continental Bridge and the Bohai rim economic region. It is also an important border opening central city for China to open to Mongolia and Russia.

Hohhot is a national historical and cultural city, and one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization. It has a long history and splendid culture. In the pre Qin period, King Wuling of Zhao set up Yunzhong County here, and the former site was in Tuoketuo County, southwest of today's Hohhot city. During the Republic of China, it was the capital of Suiyuan province. After the merger of Mongolia and Suiyuan, Hohhot became the capital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The central city of Hohhot was originally formed by the merger of Guihua city and Suiyuan city in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, so it was named Guisui. In 1954, it was renamed Hohhot, which means "blue city" in Mongolian.

Hohhot is also a national famous historical and cultural city, a national forest city, a national innovative pilot city, a national model city of national unity and progress, a national model city of double support, an excellent tourism city in China and a top 100 city of China's economic strength, known as the "milk city of China". In December 2018, it was rated the top 100 Chinese mainland business city in 2018. On October 23, 2019, it was identified as "the third batch of demonstration cities for urban black and odorous water treatment". In October 2020, it was rated as the national model city (county) of double support.

There is a long history of ancient human activities in the Yinshan area of Hohhot. Civilization originated from Dayao culture. Dayao cultural site is located in Dayao village, baoheshao Township, northeast of Hohhot, 33 kilometers away from the urban area. It was discovered and excavated in 1973. The site includes five cultural periods from the early Paleolithic to the late Neolithic.

Hohhot has a long history and splendid culture. It is one of the birthplaces of Chinese civilization, the birthplace of Hufu riding and shooting, the destination of Zhaojun leaving the fortress, the place of Longxing in Xianbei Tuoba, the place of business exchanges in Mongolia, and the frontier of the intersection, collision and integration of nomadic civilization and agricultural civilization.

In 306 BC, King Zhao Wuling built the Great Wall at the foot of Yinshan Mountain and set up Yunzhong county. The former site of the county was in toketo County, southwest of Hohhot.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, a number of military cities were built in Hetao area. Tali Village (formerly known as "tabtuoluohai" in Mongolian) in the new urban area of Hohhot now has the Tucheng site of the Western Han Dynasty.

During the Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties, the Tuoba tribe of Xianbei nationality rose in the North (its early capital, Shengle, was in the north of shangtucheng village, Helingeer County, 40 kilometers south of Hohhot, and the west of Shengle economic Park).

In the Tang Dynasty, the area of Hohhot was the activity area of Turks. During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the army of Tang Dynasty defeated Turks in Baidao (now known as wugongba, in the north of Hohhot). In 708 (the second year of Jinglong reign of emperor Zhongzong of Tang Dynasty), the Tang Dynasty set up three "surrender cities" in Hetao area. At the beginning of the 10th century, Liao set up Tiande army and Fengzhou. Fengzhou's former site is near Baita village, about 20 kilometers southeast of Hohhot.

At the beginning of the 12th century, Nuzhen destroyed Liao Dynasty and built Jin Dynasty. Hohhot was still called Fengzhou. It was an important military town at that time. It was also one of the cities with dense population and prosperous commerce.

After the establishment of Yuan Dynasty, the economy and culture of Fengzhou developed rapidly. Liu Bingzhong, a man of the Yuan Dynasty, wrote a poem: "the tower in the temple is high in the clear sky, and the city goes upstairs in the morning. The noise of cars and horses is far away from the dust, and the whips slant across Fengzhou, "which is the lively scene at that time.

In 1368 (the first year of Hongwu), the Yuan Dynasty died and the Ming Dynasty prospered. The remnant forces of the Yuan Dynasty retreated to the Lingbei area. In the Ming Dynasty, more than 40 guard posts were set up in the Monan area, which were under the jurisdiction of the thirteen great fortresses. At that time, Hohhot was under the jurisdiction of the king of Jin, which was the location of Dongsheng guard. He also ordered her father to guard the Tatan. After the restoration of Yingzong, Tatars began to enter Hetao on a large scale during the reign of Tianshun (1457-1464). In 1572 (the sixth year of Longqing in the Ming Dynasty), Altan Khan, the Lord of the tumed tribe of Mongolia, settled in Fengzhou and soon unified all parts of Mongolia and Monan.

In 1581 (the ninth year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty), Altan Khan and his wife Sanniangzi formally built the city here. The city wall was built with green bricks, and the color of the city was blue from afar. Thus came the name of "green city". The Mongolian language is kukuhetun. The Ming Dynasty gave it the name of "Guihua". People along the Great Wall call this city "Sanniangzi city" in memory of Sanniangzi. Han and Meng are friendly to each other here.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Sanniangzi city was burned.

In 1694 (the 33rd year of Kangxi), an outer city was built outside the original Sanniangzi City, encircling the East, South and west of the original city. Later, a new Fangcheng, named Suiyuan City, was built 2.5km northeast of the old city. The new city (Suiyuan city) is mainly a military camp, while the old city (Guihua city) is inhabited by residents. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Guihua was merged with Suiyuan, which was called Guisui.

In 1914, Suiyuan special region was established, and the capital of Suiyuan was stationed in Suiyuan.

In 1928, Suiyuan was established as a province, and Guisui city was set up in Guisui County as the provincial capital. During the Anti Japanese War, the Japanese invaders changed Guisui city into "Houhe special city". Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, Daqingshan Anti Japanese base was established in Suiyuan area. Later, it was subordinate to the subzone of the northern army of the Shanxi Suiyuan military region, and carried out the national revolutionary war. Through efforts, it developed and expanded continuously, and formed a situation of encircling Guisui City. In August 1945, the troops of the Shanxi Suiyuan military region invaded Guisui city. After the surrender of the Japanese aggressors, Guisui city was renamed.

On September 19, 1949, Dong Qiwu, the Kuomintang general who was then the chairman of the Suiyuan provincial government of the Kuomintang, accepted the idea of the Communist Party of China to solve the Suiyuan problem peacefully. He led the uprising, and Suiyuan province and its capital Guisui were peacefully liberated. The Chinese people's Liberation Army was stationed in Guisui.

On January 20, 1950, Guisui Municipal People's government was established.

On March 5, 1954, the Inner Mongolia People's government, the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government Committee, the Suiyuan military and political Commission, and the Consultative Committee of the people's Congress of Suiyuan Province jointly held an enlarged meeting in Guisui city. The organizational system of Suiyuan province and the provincial people's government were abolished at the same time. The former jurisdiction of Suiyuan province was incorporated into the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and led by the people's Government of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. At the same time, Guisui city was renamed Hohhot City from April 25, 1954, which is the capital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

In 1960, Tumet banner (in chasuqi), originally belonging to Ulanqab League, was under the leadership of Hohhot.

In 1963, tumed banner was assigned to Ulanqab League.

In 1970, tumetzuo banner (in chasuqi) and Tuoketuo County of Ulanqab League were assigned to Hohhot city.

On November 21, 1995, the State Council approved that Helingeer County and Qingshuihe County in Ulanqab League should be put under the jurisdiction of Hohhot city.

On May 18, 1996, the State Council approved that Wuchuan County of Wulanchabu League should be put under the jurisdiction of Hohhot city.

On May 14, 2000, the State Council approved the adjustment of the administrative division of Hohhot, and the suburb was renamed Saihan district.

administrative division

By the end of 2017, Hohhot had jurisdiction over four municipal districts (Huimin District, Yuquan District, Xincheng District, Saihan District), four counties (toketo County, Qingshuihe County, Wuchuan County, Helingeer County), and one banner (tumetzuoqi).

geographical environment

Location context

Hohhot is located in the middle of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Longitude 110 ° 46 ′ - 112 ° 10 ′ e, latitude 40 ° 51 ′ - 41 ° 8 ′ n, urban area 40.48 n, longitude 111.41 E. It is located in the south of Daqingshan in the middle of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, bordering Baotou City and Ordos City in the west, Wulanchabu city in the East and Shanxi Province in the south. The total area of the city is 17224 square kilometers. It is located at the intersection of the three major strategies of the Bohai rim economic circle, the western development, and the revitalization of the northeast old industrial base. It is an important bridge connecting the Yellow River economic belt, the Eurasian Continental Bridge, and the Bohai rim economic region. It is an important border opening central city for China to open to Mongolia and Russia. It is also a bridgehead for the eastern region to connect the northwest and North China. It is also an important aviation hub in northern China. Besides Tianjin and Shijiazhuang, it is the nearest capital city to Beijing.

topographic features

Hohhot is mainly divided into two geomorphic units: Daqingshan in the north and manhanshan in the southeast. Tumechuan plain is located in the South and southwest. The terrain gradually inclines from northeast to southwest. The highest altitude is 2280 meters at the top of Jinluan hall in Daqingshan, and the lowest altitude is 986 meters at Zhongtan Township in Tuoketuo county. The altitude of urban area is 1040 meters. Daqingshan is the middle part of Yinshan Mountain range, which produces many vertical mountain peaks. In the territory, from west to East, the main peaks are Jiufeng Mountain, jinmidian mountain, Panlong mountain, Hutou mountain, etc. in the southeast is Manhan mountain.

climate

Hohhot is a typical continental climate of Mongolian Plateau, with obvious climate change in four seasons, large annual temperature difference and daily temperature difference. Its characteristics: dry and windy in spring, drastic changes in cold and warm; short, hot and less rain in summer; rapid cooling in autumn, often frost; long, cold and less snow in winter.

Annual average temperature: low in the north and high in the south, only 2 ℃ left in Daqingshan District in the north