Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province

Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, an Autonomous Prefecture under Yunnan Province, is located in the west of Yunnan Province, China, covering an area of 11500 square kilometers. It governs Mangshi, Ruili, Lianghe, Yingjiang and Longchuan counties. The people's Government of the prefecture is located in Mangshi. It is adjacent to Baoshan City in the East and surrounded by Myanmar in the north, West and south. Therefore, the five county-level units are also known as "waiwu county" by local people. "Dehong" is a transliteration of Dai language, "de" is below, "Hong" is Nujiang River, which means: "the place in the lower reaches of Nujiang River".

In 2010, the total resident population of Dehong Prefecture was 1211000, including Dai, Jingpo, Han, Lisu, Achang, De'ang and other nationalities. In July 1953, Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous region was established. In 1956, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture was changed. The people's Government of Mangshi Prefecture is located in Mangshi town.

Historical evolution

ancient

Mengdaguang (ailaoguo) period

In the first year of King Zhou Weilie (425 BC), the Dai ancestors in the middle and upper reaches of Lancang River and Nujiang River took mengzhang (now Baoshan Basin, Chinese translation of Chengxiang country) as the center to form the alliance country "mengdaguang". Today Dehong Prefecture is a part of mengdaguang (Ailao state).

"Meng" in Dai language means "place or country", "Zhang" means "elephant", and "Meng Zhang" means "country of elephant" or "country of elephant". "Mengzhang" is the "Chengxiang state" recorded in Sima Qian's historical records; "mengdaguang" is the "Ailao state" recorded in ancient books such as Huayang annals and Houhanshu.

In the second year of Yuanfeng (109 BC), the Han Dynasty conquered Yunnan (Dianchi area), Kunming (Erhai area) and Yi (north of Erhai) to the east of mengdaguang (Ailao state), and set up prefectures and counties in the former mengdaguang territory and extended their influence to mengdaguang (Ailao state), which prompted many Dai ancestors to migrate westward across Nujiang River and further promoted Dehong development.

Han Dynasty (Eastern Han Dynasty)

In 47, Xianli of zhaodaguang (Ailao king) led the tribes of mengdaguang (Ailao state) to the Han Dynasty, and mengdaguang (Ailao state) became a subsidiary state of the Han Dynasty. Later, zhaodaguang was forced to move the royal city from mengzhang to MengMian (Tengchong basin) to the west of Nujiang River.

In 69, "zhaodaguang" Liu Mao once again led 77 tribes of "mengdaguang" to the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, the former "mengdaguang" territory occupied by Zhixian county and assigned to Yizhou county was set up. In addition, Yongchang County was set up in the territory of "mengdaguang" that had not yet been occupied, which was under the joint governance of "zhaodaguang" and Yongchang County. Dehong belongs to Ailao County under the rule of Yongchang County (the west part of Nujiang River in today's Dehong Prefecture and Baoshan City).

"Mengdaguang" (Shan State) period

In 76, the "Zhao Da Guang" Lei Lao fought against the Han Dynasty. After being pacified by the Han Dynasty, the remaining forces of "Meng Da Guang" moved to the west of the Nujiang River, and then established the "Shan State" in the upper reaches of the Irrawaddy River (first in Yingjiang, then in Ruili). Dai history is still known as "Meng Da Guang". Dehong became the center of "mengdaguang" (Shan State).

The period of mengguo zhanbi

In 576, the Hun Lu and Hun Lai brothers, the Dai leaders in the Ruili River valley basin, took advantage of the decline of "mengdaguang" (Shan State) to build a royal city on the edge of the Ruili River and develop independently; in 586, "mengdaguang" (Shan State) was destroyed by the PYU people, and the Hun Lu and Hun Lai brothers united with other Dai "Meng" (States) to form an alliance state "mengguo zhanbi" (former Guozhanbi state) to fight against the PYU people. Dehong became the political, economic and cultural center of mengguo zhanbi.

"Mengshelong" (Nanzhao state) period

In 738, the Dai people of mengshe (Weishan basin) entered the Erhai Basin and established the alliance state "mengshelong" (Nanzhao state). In 762, mengshelong (Nanzhao state) annexed mengguozhanbi (former Guozhanbi state). Dehong became a part of "mengshelong" (Nanzhao state), belonging to Yongchang Festival and Lishui festival of "mengshelong" (Nanzhao state).

The period of mengguo zhanbi

In 954, the former Guozhanbi royal family restored "mengguozhanbi" in mengxingwei (Myanmar Xingwei). In 1176, "mengguo zhanbi" (consequence zhanbi state) built the auxiliary capital "yunwaizha" in mengmao (Ruili), which echoed the capital "yunxianzha" of mengxingwei. Dehong is an important part of mengguo zhanbi.

Yuan Dynasty

In 1261, the Yuan Dynasty recruited and surrendered the Western departments of Lancang River and the departments of mengguo zhanbi, and set up the pacification Department of Jinchi; in 1271, the pacification Department of Jinchi set up the East pacification envoy (zhenkang pacification envoy) and the West pacification envoy (Jianning pacification envoy);

In 1278, the pacification Department of Jinchi was changed into Xuanfu Department of Jinchi and other departments; in 1281, the Xuanfu Department of Jinchi and other departments was divided into Xuanfu Department of zhenkang mang Shi ruoyuan and other departments, Xuanfu Department of Zhenxi pingmianluchuan and other departments, respectively;

In 1286, the Xuanfu Department of Mangshi ruoyuan road in zhenkang and the Xuanfu Department of meluchuan road in Zhenxi were merged into the Xuanfu Department of Jinchi road in Dali (later changed to the Marshal's office of Xuanwei department in Jinchi road in Dali); in the same year, it was divided into Nandian road and the general Office of Nandian road. Among them, Nandian Road (now Lianghe), Zhenxi Road (now Yingjiang), pingmian Road (now Longchuan), Luchuan Road (now Ruili) and Mangshi Road (now Mangshi) belong to today's Dehong.

"Mengmaonong" (Luchuan state) period

In 1312, the Dai leader of mengmao (Ruilijiang River valley basin) (the general manager of Luchuan Road) merged with yihanhan and established "mengmaonong" (Chinese translation of "Luchuan state"), which was named "sihanfa" because of the fierce tiger leaping over the top.

Sihanfa unified most Dai areas by force and appeasement. The territory of mengmaonong (Luchuan state) extends to the Brahmaputra River Basin in the West (northeast India), the Red River Basin in the East (Yuanjiang, Yunnan), the edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau in the North (North Kachin, Myanmar) and the upper reaches of the Meinan River in the South (Chiang Mai, Thailand). In Dehong, there are mengmao, Mengwan, Mengla, mengzhanxi, Mengdi, Mengyang, Menghuan, mengzhefang and other "Meng" administrative regions. Dehong has become the ruling center of "mengmaonong" (Luchuan state), as well as the political, economic and cultural center of the Dai Thai people.

Ming Dynasty

Since 1441, the Ming Dynasty sent troops to mengmaonong (Luchuan state) three times (1441, 1443, 1448). After nine years, hundreds of thousands of Ming soldiers forced mengmaonong (Luchuan state) regime to Mengyang (today's Kachin of Myanmar), mengmaonong (Luchuan state) went south to annex awa Kingdom (Central Myanmar) after Mengyang's vigorous development. Until 1604, it was defeated The kingdom of Dongxu of the Burmese people perished.

The Ming Dynasty enfeoffed the Dai "Tusi" in the occupied "mengmaonong" (Luchuan state). In today's Dehong, there were Nandian Xuanfu Si (Lianghe), Ganya Xuanfu Si (yingjiangdong), Longchuan Xuanfu Si (Longchuan), Zhanda Deputy Xuanfu Si (Yingjiang), Zhefang Deputy Xuanfu Si (Zhefang and ruiliwanding), Mangshi pacification Si (Mangshi), mengmao pacification Si (Ruili) successively Lijiang Valley basin) and other seven Dai chieftain areas.

The Qing Dynasty

In 1659, Wu Sangui was stationed in Yunnan by the Ming Dynasty, and the Dai "Tusi" in Dehong was attached to the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty continued to rule Dehong under the Ming Dynasty system, and retained the Dai "Tusi" management system in Dehong. Dehong belonged to Tengyue department and Longling Department of Yunnan Province. Nandian Xuanfu division, Ganya Xuanfu division, Longchuan Xuanfu division, Zhanda Deputy Xuanfu division, mengmao appeasement division, Husa Chief Executive Division (separated from Longchuan in Qianlong's time) and Lasa Chief Executive Division (separated from Longchuan in Qianlong's time) were subordinate to Tengyue hall; Mangshi appeasement division, Zhefang appeasement division and mengbantuqian general (originally belonged to mubang Xuanwei division, mengbandi, which was transferred to Qing Dynasty in 1899) were subordinate to Longling hall.

modern

The period of the Republic of China

On October 27, 1911, Yunnan generals Cai E and Tang Jiyao attacked the garrison of the Qing Dynasty in Kunming, occupied Kunming City and declared the independence of Yunnan. On the same day, chieftain Dao Anren and progressive Zhang Wenguang also launched an uprising in Tengyue (Tengchong), establishing the "governor of the western Yunnan Army" to support the independence of Yunnan.

In 1913, the Yunnan military government changed "the military governor's office of Western Yunnan" to "the western Yunnan Road", and then changed it to "Tengyue road", which governed 29 counties and 10 administrative regions (the former Tusi Administrative Region) in western Yunnan. The former hereditary Tusi served as the executive member of the administrative region. Dehong has Nandian Administrative Region (Lianghe County), Ganya Administrative Region (east of Yingjiang County), Zhanda Administrative Region (West of Yingjiang County), Longchuan Administrative Region (Longchuan County), mangshiban Administrative Region (Mangshi city) and mengmao Administrative Region (Ruili City), all of which belong to Tengyue Road (West Yunnan Road).

In 1929, the central government of the Republic of China issued a decree to implement the provincial and county level system and abolish the Taoist system. However, the first and second frontier supervision offices were set up in Yunnan to manage border affairs. The Nandian, Ganya, Zhanda, Longchuan, mangshiban and mengmao administrative regions in Dehong are all subordinate to the first frontier supervision office.

In 1932, Nandian administrative region was changed into Lianghe Administrative Bureau, Zhanda administrative region into Lianshan Administrative Bureau, Ganya administrative region into Yingjiang Administrative Bureau, Longchuan administrative region into Longchuan Administrative Bureau, mangshiban administrative region into Luxi Administrative Bureau, mengmao administrative region into Ruili Administrative Bureau, which still belonged to the first frontier supervision office.

In 1940, the frontier supervision office was abolished in the Republic of China, and six administrative bureaus in Dehong were changed into the Tenglong border administrative supervision office.

On August 31, 1938, the Yunnan Burma highway was opened to traffic, and Dehong became an important road for China to connect with the world during the Anti Japanese war.

In May 1942, the Japanese invaded Yunnan and Dehong was occupied.

In January 1945, after the restoration of the territory, Dehong