Yangko Opera (Dingzhou Yangko Opera)

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Yangko Opera (Dingzhou Yangko Opera)

Applicant: Dingzhou City, Hebei Province

Project No.: 214

Project No.: Ⅳ - 70

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: Traditional Drama

Region: Hebei Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Dingzhou City, Hebei Province

Protection unit: Dingzhou Cultural Center

Introduction to Yangko Opera (Dingzhou Yangko Opera)

Applicant: Dingzhou City, Hebei Province

Yangko opera is a popular folk opera in northern China, mainly distributed in Shanxi, Hebei, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong and other places. It originated from the songs sung by farmers when they worked in the fields. Later, it was combined with folk dance, acrobatics, martial arts and other performing arts. It sang the program with story plot during the social fire in the first month of each year, and gradually formed the form of opera. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, after the prosperity of Bangzi opera, Yangko opera in Shanxi, Hebei and Shaanxi drew on and absorbed the repertoire, music and performing arts of local Bangzi opera to varying degrees, and gradually developed into stage performance and evolved into local opera.

Yangko opera is named after the rising or popular areas, such as Qitai Yangko, Shuo Yangko, Fanshi Yangko, Xiangwu Yangko in Shanxi, Dingxian Yangko, Longyao Yangko, Yuxian Yangko in Hebei, Hancheng Yangko and Shanbei Yangko in Shaanxi. Some of these Yangko mainly sing folk songs, such as Qitai Yangko, Hancheng Yangko and Shanbei Yangko; some folk songs are combined with plate type changes, such as Shuo county Yangko, Fanshi Yangko and Yuxian Yangko. The main singing and plate type mostly come from Bangzi tune, and plate type has head type (Adagio), two type, three type, medium type, scattered type and rolling type, among which the folk songs are collectively referred to as "training tune" They include Siping training, kuacacia training, Gaozi training, Xiashan training, falling money training and tuimen training. Banhu, dizi, Sanxian and other accompaniments are used in singing, commonly known as "bangzuozi"; some of them belong to plate changes, such as Dingxian Yangko and Longyao Yangko. The singing plate is composed of Adagio, Erxing (Erliu), Allegro, Sanban, Daoban, etc Bangu or bang Festival, most do not orchestral, only gongs and drums accompaniment, so also known as "dry board Yangko.".

The traditional repertoire of Yangko opera can be divided into two types: small play and big play. Small play is commonly known as "shuashuaxi", including "Wang xiaokuai", "Jie", "guaimozi", "xiuhuadeng", "make small shirt", "Tianqi Temple", "xiaoguxian", "Lanqiao meeting", "Lvmeng zhengquzhai" and so on. Big play includes "Huating meeting", "jiuqiyi", "Luhua", "riyuetu", "Liyue"《 Biography of the White Snake, changing wives of the old and the young, Liang Shanbo going down the mountain, Li Da Naodian, Ding Deng, Ni Yao, Wu Yudai, Jiang Lang divorcing his wife, Lu Lin meeting, an an an sending rice, etc. In Yangko opera, there were only "three gates" of clown, Xiaodan and Xiaosheng, and then "three gates" of Xusheng, Hualian and Qingyi were added. Its musical singing absorbed the characteristics of Bangzi tune, formed a compatible system of Qupai style and banqiang style, and its performance was greatly enriched and improved.

Yangko opera is flexible and free in form, and is good at expressing real life. During the Anti Japanese War, Yan'an and other anti Japanese base areas carried out the new Yangko opera movement, reformed the music, performance and dress of Yangko opera, and edited and performed such plays as brother and sister reclaiming wasteland, husband and wife literacy, and Niu Yonggui wounded, which showed the masses' participation in production, learning and fighting against the enemy. The development of Xinyang opera movement not only created a new form of drama new opera, but also promoted the innovation and development of Yangge opera and other folk operas. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, with the support of the party and the government, Yangko has been developed to varying degrees. Professional troupes have been established in Shuo county, Fanshi County, Ding county and Longyao county.

After the founding of the people's Republic of China, with the support of the party and the government, Yangko has been developed to varying degrees. Professional Yangko troupes have been set up in Fanshi and Xiangyuan of Shanxi Province, and Yuxian of Hebei Province. The singing level of actors has been further improved through standardized training. But after entering the new era, Yangko opera, as a small folk opera, is not only facing fierce competition with big operas, but also being squeezed by modern popular songs and dances, with less and less performance activities. Many kinds of Yangko opera are on the verge of extinction, which is in urgent need of attention and support from all walks of life.

Dingzhou Yangko, also known as Dingxian big Yangko, is an ancient opera popular in the central and western parts of the North China Plain. It is named after its birthplace in Dingzhou. It is said that its source is a kind of folk tune, which has been handed down by Su Shi, a writer of Song Dynasty.

Dingzhou Yangko has its unique characteristics in language, singing, mode, repertoire and so on. The opera is easy to understand and understand, with a large number of dialect slang and a strong flavor of life; the male and female singing is mainly in Gong mode, and the singing method is to shout with their own voice and real voice. In traditional singing, there is no music accompaniment and no fixed key. The actors start the tune at will. With the orchestral accompaniment, the key value is d. A lot of function words are used in singing. There are many melodies in the following lines of melody, but there is no lack of humor and playfulness in the singing method; the rhythm is mainly one board and one eye, and there are as many as 28 traditional boards, which still retain the form of all percussion accompaniment (i.e. big gong tune); Dingzhou Yangko has a rich repertoire, covering a wide range of fields, including love, filial piety, public cases, funny and so on. The well-known social scientist Li Jinghan collected and published "selected Yangko of Ding county", which included nearly 100 plays.

Dingzhou Yangko's singing is unique, traditional repertoire retains a lot of folk and cultural information, and becomes the first-hand material to study Chinese folk and traditional culture. At present, the development of Dingzhou Yangko is declining, so it is urgent to rescue, protect and inherit it.