Shanghai opera

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Shanghai Opera

Applicant: Shanghai

Item No.: 198

Project No.: Ⅳ - 54

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: Traditional Drama

Region: Shanghai

Type: new item

Applicant: Shanghai

Protected by: Shanghai Shanghai Opera Art School (Shanghai Theatre)

Introduction to Shanghai Opera:

Applicant: Shanghai

Shanghai Opera is the representative of Shanghai Opera, popular in Shanghai, Southern Jiangsu and Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou areas of Zhejiang Province. It originated from Tiantou folk songs and folk slang songs on both sides of the Pujiang River. Influenced by Tanci and other folk rap, it evolved into tanhuang in the form of rap. During the reign of Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty, tanhuang in Pujiang developed into a "duizi opera" in which two people played and sang by themselves, and a "same scene opera" in which more than three actors dressed up as characters and accompanied by special personnel. In 1898, some artists entered Shanghai and settled down in the teahouse, which is called bentan. In 1914, the beach changed its name to Shenqu. After 1927, Shenqu began to perform civilization drama and current affairs drama. In 1941, Shanghai Opera Society was founded, and Shenqu was officially renamed Shanghai Opera.

The music of Shanghai Opera is euphemistic and soft, and the melody is beautiful, with a strong Jiangnan Water flavor. Its singing music originated from Tiantou folk songs, and gradually formed a rich melody and unique style in the long-term practice. Shanghai Opera is good at both narrative and lyric singing, and its tunes are mainly divided into banqiang style and Qupai style. Banqiang aria includes some banqiang changban, which represents the style of Shanghai Opera and is widely used. It is generally called "basic tune". In the process of its evolution, it has realized the separation of male and female. Qupai style is mostly composed of Ming and Qing folk songs, folk rap songs and Jiangsu and Zhejiang slang songs. There are also Qupai, folk songs and miscellaneous songs absorbed from other operas. However, in most cases, it is only used as an interlude in the context and time. The accompaniment instruments of Shanghai Opera are mainly bamboo tube erhu, supplemented by pipa, Yangqin, Sanxian, flute, Xiao, etc. Later, he absorbed a few Guangdong musical instruments and integrated the tones of Jiangnan Silk and bamboo music and Guangdong music into his singing.

The roles of Shanghai Opera in different periods are different. In the period of duizi opera, once the majority of people lived, there were differences between life and behavior and ugliness in the same period. Life includes Xiaosheng and Laosheng. Xiaosheng is divided into Zhengchang Xiaosheng and Fengliu Xiaosheng. Danxing, also known as Baotou, is divided into Zhengchang Baotou, Niangniang Baotou, huabaotou, laobaotou and sloppy Baotou. At that time, due to the lack of staff in the class, actors often had to play the part. With the development of Shanghai Opera performance towards civilized opera and modern drama, the classification of roles and professions is gradually weakening, and the action and recitation have not formed a professional program, and the singing also uses the real voice. Shanghai Opera has a rich repertoire of traditional operas, such as meeting in an Tang, Yang Naiwu and cabbage, Pearl Tower, Meng Lijun, and shuangzhufeng, as well as new modern dramas, such as Begonia, home, thunderstorm, and luohanqian.

Shanghai Opera is a typical representative of Shanghai's regional culture. It reflects the features of modern Chinese metropolis from different aspects and shows strong vitality in the process of growth. In recent years, with the acceleration of the modernization process, the art of Shanghai Opera is facing more and more serious survival crisis. The performance market is shrinking, the audience is decreasing, the income of Shanghai Opera practitioners is low, and there are brain drain and fault phenomenon. There are only three original dozens of Shanghai Opera performing groups in Jiangnan. It is imperative to take effective measures to rescue and protect the art of Shanghai Opera.