Tongjiang livestock farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province

Livestock farm

This data is reviewed by the project of data compilation and application of Science Encyclopedia of science popularization in China.

It has a certain number of livestock concentrated feeding areas. It is often divided into cattle farm, pig farm, chicken farm, rabbit farm, sheep farm and horse farm according to the types of livestock.

brief introduction

In terms of objectives, the above farms can be divided into breeding farms, breeding farms and commodity farms, as well as comprehensive pastures for breeding and commodity livestock. With the development of specialized production, there are more and more kinds of pastures. For example, chicken farm is divided into egg farm, meat and egg farm, layer breeding farm and so on. The pasture site should be located in the place with convenient transportation, a certain distance from the main traffic line, high and dry terrain, sufficient land area, rich water source and good water quality, and far away from livestock products processing plants and residential areas. The living, production management, production, sewage discharge and sick animal isolation area should be reasonably planned according to the terrain and wind direction in summer, which is not only conducive to epidemic prevention, but also convenient for communication and management. Separate the cleaning road from the dung Road, and set up special sanitary facilities such as dung dump and body incinerator. General pastures are attached with grazing land and feed land, and modern pig and chicken farms are equipped with matching compound feed processing plants. Some farms even have primary processing plants for livestock products. for example, the well-known livestock farm in China: Shandong Baixin animal husbandry cattle and sheep breeding base, a large-scale breeding base integrating cattle, sheep and donkey breeding, breeding, improvement, purification, sales and allocation.

Scale construction

The scale of livestock farm is mainly determined by the feed supply and the treatment and utilization capacity of manure. If the large-scale livestock farms can not get the nutritious feed supply, it will lead to the failure of management, and a large number of wastes such as feces and urine can not be treated and used in time, which will inevitably cause air, soil and water pollution. In addition, the scale also depends on the technical strength and management ability.

Planning layout

To a large extent, the establishment of a good environment, the formation of high-efficiency production technology and the acquisition of the best economic benefits depend on the planning and layout of livestock farms. Proper planning and layout should be able to make the setting of all kinds of buildings conform to the best production process, meet the requirements of veterinary health and fire safety, help to reduce labor intensity and improve labor productivity. At the same time, it should be based on the terrain, terrain and local conditions

Site selection principle

① The terrain is higher than the highest flood line in local history. Generally, the slope is not more than 15 degrees. The cold wind mouth in winter in cold area, the depression in summer in hot area, and the waterlogged and flooded area should be avoided. The groundwater level is below 2.5-3.0 meters. ② The soil should be well ventilated, permeable and compressive. The plots that are easy to collapse, heavy sticky, seriously polluted by organic matter, suspected of anthrax and other soil borne infectious pathogens, and that have built livestock farms and animal farms in the past should not be selected. ③ The water source is abundant and the water quality is good. ④ It can make full use of the original road to transport in feed and out products and wastes. However, the following distances should be kept from the original roads to ensure veterinary health and safety: 500 meters for railways, national and provincial highways; 300 meters for provincial highways; and no less than 50 meters for general roads. ⑤ Close to the transmission line, there is power supply. ⑥ The terrain is lower than the residential area and in the downwind direction. At the same time, keep the following distance from the residential areas: General farms are 200-300 meters; chicken, rabbit and sheep farms are more than 500 meters; large pig and chicken farms are more than 1500 meters. ⑦ Avoid chemical industry, slaughtering, papermaking, tanning and other enterprises that are easy to pollute water and air and noisy factories. ⑧ Cattle and sheep farms should make full use of grassland or grassland for grazing. However, the pastoral road should not be crossed with railway and highway. Waterfowl farms should make effective use of the nearby water surface. ⑨ The site area should be determined according to the operation scale, feed supply mode, feeding management characteristics and intensive degree, and the possibility of future development should be considered. ⑩ Save land and occupy no or less arable land.

Regionalization

Production area

The core of animal husbandry. Most of them are located in the center of the site. In addition to maintaining contact with the grazing land during grazing, all direct contact with the outside world is isolated. These include barns and other facilities. ① The barn. Most of the common barns are arranged in parallel, with the long axis oriented east-west and the front facing south; considering the terrain, wind direction and other factors, it is allowed to deflect 15 ° to the east or west. When the livestock house is within 4 buildings, it should be arranged in a row in parallel, so as to shorten the distance of water supply, power supply and transportation, reduce the management work, effectively organize the ventilation, ventilation and lighting, and avoid the intersection of feed road and manure cleaning road; when the livestock house is more than 4 buildings, it can be arranged in two rows in parallel. The distance between the end walls of two rows of barns is 15m (chicken house should be increased). The distance between the same barns shall not be less than 20 meters. If there are breeding stock, young stock and commercial stock in the same stockyard, they should be managed in different areas with a distance of 100-150 meters. The long axis of the barn is not parallel to the contour, but deflected. It is not only convenient for drainage, but also can reduce labor intensity and improve transportation efficiency with the help of terrain. The advantage of factory livestock farm is that it can make the connection between the production building and the auxiliary building compact, which is beneficial to improve the thermal performance of livestock farm, shorten the distance of transportation, power supply and water supply, and realize the mechanization of production process (see livestock farm building). ② Other facilities. The livestock playground should be located in the south of the barn, and the shed should be set in the hot area in summer, and the ground drainage is good. The dung storage yard should be located in the downwind of the terrain lower than the livestock house, with a distance of 200-300 meters, and it should be convenient for the transportation of livestock manure. The veterinary room should be 40-50 meters away from the barn. The sick animal isolation stables, autopsy rooms and incinerators should be 1000 meters away from the downwind, and should be surrounded. The setting of veterinary room tends to be full field or even inter field.

Feed area

The configuration of relevant buildings and facilities should take into account the convenience of feed transportation from outside the farm and supply to the livestock house. Generally, the buildings and facilities should be located in the area where the terrain is higher than the production area and in the upwind direction. The feed processing room is close to the barn, and the concentrate warehouse is connected with the feed processing room. Other fodder buildings, such as juicy fodder storage facilities and silage facilities, are arranged on one or both sides of the barn, and sufficient space is ensured. The hay and bedding yard should be located in the downwind direction of the whole production area, and the fire prevention distance of 60m should be ensured. Off site transportation and on-site transportation shall be strictly separated, and off-site transportation vehicles shall not enter the production area. Feed area is generally built with walls and doors. From the outside into the feed area, and from the feed area into the production area should be strictly disinfected. With the development of feed industry, the function and status of feed area in animal husbandry are changing. For example, there is no feed area in the livestock farm where formula feed is used, and a storage tower or feed storehouse is set at one end of the livestock house, which can be used as soon as it is put in.

Management area

It is located in the upper part of the upwind direction of the whole livestock farm. The buildings in this area include management and production departments, service departments for production, living and cultural buildings, etc. When large-scale livestock farms concentrate on the production of formulated feed, the feed processing workshop and concentrate storehouse, as part of the management area, are mostly divided into independent areas. The management area should be strictly isolated from the production area and feed area, and the people and vehicles entering the management area must be disinfected. In addition, the planning and layout of livestock farms should also give full consideration to the environmental sanitation conditions. For example, attention should be paid to planting trees and grasses to regulate the microclimate and purify the air; roads for transporting feed and manure should not be crossed; good drainage system should be provided to prevent ponding in the field; livestock manure and urine should be strictly managed to protect the water source from pollution.

Management of livestock farm environment

Optimization of animal husbandry environment

In order to solve the problems of environmental protection during large-scale breeding, we should conduct more in-depth research and exploration in three aspects. First, the environmental capacity of all regions in China has corresponding limit values, so we should make clear the breeding scale, design planning and breeding mode in combination with the actual environmental capacity of livestock farms, and also make clear the waste absorption method. Secondly, the end treatment also plays an important role. Combined with the current situation of livestock farm environment, corresponding innovation and optimization should be carried out. Third, waste management should be strengthened during the actual breeding period. In many developed countries, large-scale aquaculture industry has paid more attention to waste end treatment methods according to the actual needs of the environment. At the same time, under the constraints of relevant rules and regulations, combined with nitrogen and phosphorus excretion during aquaculture, regional environmental capacity, nutrient utilization facilities and so on, the aquaculture scale is calculated. scientific layout and design should also be carried out during the period of environmental optimization of livestock farms. The scientific and systematic design and planning of large-scale breeding farms, and scientific layout, truly realize the on-site consumption of sewage and feces formed during the breeding period. harmless processing and use of wastes. Taking the pig breeding factory as an example, during the period of sewage treatment and utilization, the breeding staff should use the facilities such as solid-liquid separation, sedimentation, biofilm and disinfection to maximize the efficiency of sewage purification. In sewage treatment, it is mainly used for farmland irrigation and fish industry, and it can also be used for piggery washing when conditions permit. scientific application and research of deodorant. Starting from waste management and livestock house, breeding staff should innovate and optimize the breeding environment scientifically, and control the emission of irritant gases such as ammonia by reducing the emission of nitrogen. breeders should also carry out corresponding greening work. Planting lawns and trees on animal farms can reduce the temperature, improve the feeding environment and reduce the generation of odor and dust. Among them, green plants can also absorb carbon dioxide and release a lot of oxygen, further promoting the improvement of animal husbandry environment.

Epidemic prevention and control

Want to improve the safety of the product, so that