Lingdong, Wafangdian City, Dalian City, Liaoning Province

Lingdong

"Lingdong" is a regional concept, which is different from "Lingnan". It generally refers to Chaoshan and Xingmei Huihe in Guangdong Province, Minxi in Fujian Province and Gannan in Jiangxi Province. In modern times, "Lingdong" mainly refers to Chaoshan and Xingmei regions.

Records in ancient books

According to Li Daoyuan's Shui Jing Zhu in the Northern Wei Dynasty, "the south of the five ridges faces the sea, and the east of the five ridges is the east of the five ridges. It is poor in the sea. It begins with the five ridges and ends in Jieyang."

According to linting huikao of Tingzhou in Ming Dynasty, the place of tingqian MeiXun in the east of the five ridges is "the hinterland of Yangzhou. According to the present picture, it is at the junction of the three provinces" and "it is the land of land". Although there are high mountains in the border, it is thousands of miles "vast land". We can learn about the ancient people of Meizhou in Lingdong area from the ancient cultural relics unearthed at present.

Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty "Chaozhou Fu Zhi" also said: "Jiangxi is divided into the west of the lake and the north of the mountains, Guangdong is divided into the east of the five ridges and the south of the five ridges."

According to Lin Ting Hui Kao written by Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty, "Dayu mountain is the easternmost part of Wuling, and bingqiao of Dayu county is the easternmost part of Dayu mountain. It follows the ridge of Wuyu County, reaches the seashore of Jieyang in the East, divides Jiangxi and Fujian, and ends at Jieyang mountain. It is within Yangzhou territory of Yu Gong, and to the west of Jieyang, Guangdong Province is in the south of Wuling

geographical position

The geographical location of "Lingdong" is different from that of "Lingnan". Lingnan is in the south of Wuling, west of Dayu mountain, and Lingdong is in the east of Dayu mountain. Lingnan was not in ancient Yangzhou, while Lingdong was in ancient Yangzhou. Located at the junction of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces, Ting (Tingzhou, today's Longyan and Sanming City), Qian (Qianzhou, today's Ningdu, Ruijin and Shicheng), Mei (today's Meizhou City), Xun (Xunzhou, today's Huizhou Heyuan, Xingning and Wuhua) is an important part of Lingdong region.

According to historical records, "Lingdong" generally refers to Chaoshan and Xingmei Huihe in Guangdong Province, Minxi in Fujian Province and Gannan in Jiangxi Province. In modern times, it mainly refers to Chaoshan and Xingmei regions. In Taiwan Province of China, there are also schools named "Lingdong", namely Lingdong University of science and technology and Lingdong middle school. The two schools were founded by Dr. Cai Yaping, a native of Meixian County, after his eastward migration to Taiwan. This only shows that Lingdong native does not forget Sangzi. It can not be used as evidence that "Lingdong" includes parts of Taiwan.

Historical overview

In Lingdong, there were human activities as early as the Neolithic age. Baiyue people in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties were the main ancestors here.

The Baiyue people in Lingdong and the Baiyue people in Lingnan lived in the ancient Yue State (from the junction of Fujian and Guangdong to some parts of Zhejiang). With Kuaiji (now Shaoxing) as the capital, they were located on the seashore and benefited from fishing and salt. They gradually developed and became more and more powerful in Goujian. In the late spring and Autumn period, they competed with Wu state for supremacy. However, it declined in the middle of the Warring States period and was annexed by the state of Chu in 306 BC. The rest of the ancient Yue Kingdom, known as "Baiyue" in history, is scattered in the mountainous areas of southern Zhejiang and Fujian.

A branch of Baiyue nationality moved to Guangdong and Guangxi in the late Warring States period. They have made great contributions to the development of Southeast China and created splendid Chinese culture together with Bashu people, Jingchu people, qinjin people and Qilu people in the Yangtze River and yellow river basins in the north.

archaeological discovery

In 1983, the Guangdong Provincial archaeological team discovered a large number of stone axes, stone axes, stone knives and stone arrowheads at Dongling lower part of Sanzhen Town, Jiaoling County.

In 1984, the provincial archaeological team discovered the changletai site in Shixiong mountain, Wuhua County. After four times of careful investigation and excavation, it covers an area of more than 1400 square meters. In addition to stone production tools, the unearthed cultural relics also include pottery pots, pots, bowls, cups, pots and other living utensils. In the pingtouling site of Longchuan, which is adjacent to Wuhua, ancient rice seeds of 5000-6000 years ago and other stone making tools were also found.

From archaeological research, we know that the Neolithic age is equivalent to the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties in China. A prominent feature of this time's history and culture is the increase of grinding stone tools, the invention of pottery, the planting of grain and the raising of animals. From the stone tools and pottery unearthed above, it is enough to prove that as early as the Neolithic age, that is, five or six thousand years ago, there was human reproduction in the ancient Lingdong region. The primitive inhabitants had already lived as clan communes. They not only had primitive agriculture, animal husbandry, but also had handicraft industry. Through the use of ploughing, bows and arrows, they also knew how to fish with nets, spin and sew clothes.

In the summer of 1982 and 1985, the cultural relics and Archaeology team of Guangdong Province made two visits to wanglan, fenglang, Dapu County, and excavated 22 ancient tombs. 141 pieces of cultural relics were unearthed, including stone tools, pottery and jade. Among them, the pottery had sand pottery spinning wheel. This shows that the textile industry has been quite popular and the living standard has been improved on the basis of the development of agriculture and handicraft industry.

In 1984, the provincial cultural relics archaeological team identified six chimes unearthed in Xinxu town of Xingning as the art treasures of Chu during the spring and autumn and Warring States periods.

The discovery of bronze chime bells not only shows that there were considerable contacts and contacts between Lingdong region and Jingchu, Wuyue people in the Yangtze River Valley in this period, but also shows that the ruling forces of Chu or Wu state had penetrated into the remote mountain area of Lingdong and the economy of Lingdong region had further developed in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period.

To sum up, the ancestors of the ancient Lingdong region entered the matriarchal clan society almost at the same time as the ancestors of the Yellow River and Yangtze River Valley six or seven thousand years ago. However, it was relatively slow to enter the patriarchal clan society, not only slower than that in the Central Plains, but also slightly slower than that in Lingnan. Therefore, there are few and unsystematic artifacts unearthed to reflect this period. However, we must not despise or negate the long history of this region.

The dispute over "Lingdong"

In recent years, there are many disputes over Lingdong between Chaoshan and Xingmei. Specifically, there are disputes over whether the Lingdong region includes Chaoshan and whether Lingdong culture is Hakka culture.

The word "Lingdong" was first seen in shuijingzhu: "Lingdong is the east of Wuling, but poor in the sea. It starts from Wuling and ends in Jieyang.". The focus of the dispute between the two sides is on the expression of "Jieyang" in the sentence. The Hakkas believe that "Jieyang" in the sentence refers to jieyangling, which indicates that Lingdong region is "the place of tingqian MeiXun" and has nothing to do with Chaoshan region. Some Chaoshan scholars believe that Jieyang county was established in the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC) by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the term "ended in Jieyang" in shuijingzhu should refer to Jieyang County, which was the earliest established County, including Chaoshan area. The dispute of "Lingdong" is not only caused by one word difference, but also by many differences between Chaoshan culture and Hakka culture.

Since shuijingzhu is a geographical work, it is more likely that Jieyang refers to jieyangling rather than Jieyang county.

But Lingdong is a regional concept, not a simple geographical division. Region refers to natural elements and environment

humanity

Even if shuijingzhu and lintinghuikao provide evidence that Lingdong does not include Chaoshan, it can only be established in the sense of geography. In fact, Lingdong region has experienced a process of generalization and finally formed

Humanity

What is the definition of.

First of all, Chaoshan and Xingmei belonged to Chaozhou Prefecture for a long time in terms of administrative division. Later, they both belonged to Shantou Prefecture, and they had many similarities in Humanities and customs.

Secondly, there are many historical materials to prove that Chaomei is collectively referred to as Lingdong. Ming Dynasty, known as

Lingdong sages

Li Shichun, Luo Wanjie, and so on. Before the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Meizhou area had been known as the "capital city"

Lingdong talent

In the late Qing Dynasty, Qiu Fengjia, Huang Zunxian and Hu Xiaocen (Hu Xi) from Jiaying Prefecture, and Ding naiqian from Chaozhou Prefecture, are known as the famous poets for their unique poems“

Four poets of Lingdong

”Yes“

Lingdong Poetry School

”Qiu Fengjia, Huang Zunxian, Ding Richang, he Ruzhang, also known as the late Qing Dynasty“

Mr. Ling Dongsi

”Fan Tianxiang, Li Yuzhen and ye Bihua are known as“

Three female poets in Lingdong

”In addition, Wen Zhonghe, Wen Tingjing, Qiu Jinxin and Wu Shiji were the representatives of Lingdong literary school. In the autumn of 1899, Qiu Fengjia was in Beijing

Chaozhou

Later, he moved the "Dongwen school" to Shantou and renamed it "Dongwen school"“

Lingdong Tongwen school

”。 In the early 1930s, led by sun peigu, fan changqian and Gao Zhenzhi, Chaoshan painters organized "Yitao Painting Society" in Shantou. In 1931, their works were collected and published by Shantou Wenhua book company《

Lingdong famous paintings

》Wu Zishou, a pioneer of Chaoshan newspaper industry, wrote in the preface of his anthology that "the works of Lingdong painters in the future will compete with those of Yuzhong.". In addition, one of the nicknames of sun peigu is "Lingdong painting maniac". As early as the beginning of the last century, Lingdong was widely accepted by all walks of life.

Thus, in modern times, "Lingdong" mainly refers to Chaoshan area and Xingmei area, which is an indisputable human fact. Therefore, the essence of Lingdong culture is a combination of Chaoshan culture and Hakka culture.