Geographical terms town

town

Town, usually refers to the non-agricultural population, with a certain scale of industrial and commercial settlements.

Urbanization is not only a process of population gathering to cities, but also a trend of human civilization progress and economic and social development. At present, the level of urbanization in the world has exceeded 50%, and more than half of the population lives in cities.

interpretation

①

Cities and market towns.

Market towns are transitional settlements between rural and urban areas. Sweden, Norway, Britain, Austria and other European countries are famous for their towns.

②

with

Non agricultural population

It is a residential area with a certain scale of industry and commerce.

According to China's regulations, cities and towns are the places where the government organs at or above the county level are located, or the residential areas with a permanent population of more than 2000 and less than 100000, of which the non-agricultural population accounts for more than 50%.

record

"Zhou Shu · Jin Dang Gong Hu Zhuan" said: "Hu led Qingqi as the vanguard, traveling both day and night, but sent the general to attack lianglinbian town."

"Zizhitongjian · the third year of Tongguang of Zhuangzong in the later Tang Dynasty" says: "since the rest of the towns are wangfengkuan."

Wei Wei's fire and fire: "many towns and villages have become scorched earth mixed with snow under the indiscriminate bombing of enemy planes."

Urbanization

Urbanization is the inevitable process of the transformation of human production and life style from agricultural culture to industrial civilization and from rural type to urban type. It refers to the process of economic and social development in which the secondary and tertiary industries gather in cities and towns, the rural population constantly transfers to non-agricultural industries and cities and towns, the number and scale of cities and towns increase, the mode of production and lifestyle of cities and towns spread to the countryside, and the material and spiritual civilization of cities and towns spread to the countryside. Compared with urbanization, urbanization is aimed at those towns (mainly counties and central towns) that receive less radiation from central cities. Their resource elements are relatively independent, their personality is relatively obvious, and they have their own development differentiation characteristics, but their development is obviously lagging behind. Urbanization is the reasonable integration of social resources and natural resources of these towns.

The carrier of urban space and the resources that constitute urban space are a broad concept, that is, natural resources, such as land, minerals, water, animals and plants, as well as related extension of various social and cultural resources, which involve the local government, policies, enterprises, people; natural resources, historical and cultural resources; internal and external environment and so on. To integrate natural resources, human resources and other related resources, make it a dynamic development process with vitality, capital nature and maximum benefit, that is, the process of urbanization.

China is one of the birthplaces of cities in the world. Chengtoushan, 6000 years ago on Liyang plain, Hunan Province, is the oldest city in China. From this start, China has written countless wonderful towns, but also left too many regrets. In Tang Dynasty, China's urbanization level reached 10%. The top seven of the world's ten ancient cities were all Chinese capitals. However, at the beginning of the founding of new China, the urbanization level was still only 10.64%.

The glorious glory of Tang, song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the rise and fall of modern rural construction movement, and the tortuous road of urbanization in New China The evolutionary history of Chinese cities and towns is not only a witness to the history of human civilization and economic development, but also a dream road to rejuvenating China.

Song Dynasty

Traditional cities have the characteristics of modern urban market economy prosperity

In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 40 big cities with a population of over 100000. Bianjing (now Kaifeng in Henan Province) and Lin'an (now Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province) became the fourth and fifth cities with a population of more than one million in the world after Chang'an, Luoyang and Nanjing.

Therefore, the city scale of Song Dynasty has surpassed that of Europe in the middle ages. There is a new atmosphere in China's traditional cities, which initially has the characteristics of the prosperity of modern urban market economy, and the earliest paper money "Jiaozi" appeared. However, it was not until the 17th century that Europe began to use paper money.

[representative city: Kaifeng]

Kaifeng fundamentally broke the boundary between Chang'an square (residential area) and city (commercial area) in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and also broke the boundary between day and night. In addition, the emergence of special entertainment places such as Vasi promoted the development of Commerce. At the same time, Western European cities (including London, Paris and Frankfurt) were only small county towns in China.

Hart and Tang dynasties

Chang'an is the largest city in the world

During the reign of emperor Huidi of Han Dynasty, the population of Chang'an city was almost 500000. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Chang'an, with an area of 36 square kilometers, was the largest metropolis in the world. Its planning layout has had a significant impact on the capitals of some East Asian countries. In Tang Dynasty, China's urbanization level reached 10%, but until 1800, the world's urbanization level was only 3%.

[representative city: Chang'an]

At that time, Chang'an became the largest international commercial metropolis in the world.

(source)

Chengtoushan, Changde, Hunan, the first city in China

Chengtoushan site is the earliest (6000 years ago), the most abundant and typical ancient city site in China.

[representative city: Chengtoushan]

In the city, experts have dug out a large area of platform style housing infrastructure, pottery workshops with complete facilities, wide roads in the city, dense and overlapping clan tombs and the world's first well preserved paddy field.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

Formation of urban and rural market network system

At the beginning of the 15th century, there were 33 large commercial and handicraft cities in China. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, three cities with a population of more than 1 million were Beijing, Nanjing and Suzhou. In addition, there were about 10 regional central cities with a population of between 500000 and 1 million each.

This urban-rural market network system can be divided into three levels: circulation hub city, medium-sized commercial town and rural market. The regional merchants group has strong strength, forming big business groups such as Hui merchants and Jin merchants.

[representative city: Beijing]

The commerce of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties, whether in the distribution of commercial network or in the operation of Commerce, can be compared with that of Europe in the same period or even Britain after the industrial revolution.

modern

The rural construction movement of "doctor going to the countryside"

In the 1920s and 1930s, due to the invasion and civil war, China's rural economy was depressed and people's livelihood was in decline. A group of people of insight have been rushing to save China's rural areas, including Liang Shuming, Yan Yangchu, Huang Yanpei and so on. They either pay attention to the spread of agricultural technology, or devote themselves to the construction of local autonomy and political power, or focus on the cultural education of farmers, or emphasize the simultaneous development of economy, politics and morality; they have the same goal by different routes, aiming to find a way out for the dilapidated Chinese countryside, which is known as the "Rural Construction Movement" in history.

[representative city: Beibei, Chongqing]

Lu Zuofu first put forward the concept of "rural modernization" and "taking economic construction as the center". In just a few years, he cleaned up the bandits, built schools, run factories, built parks, opened coal mines and built railways, turning Beibei, a place full of bandits, chaos and backwardness, into a world-famous town.

modern

The slow starting stage from the founding of new China to the reform and opening up (1949-1978)

At the beginning of the founding of new China, the level of urbanization was 10.64%. By 1978, the level of urbanization in China had only increased to 17.92%, and the number of cities increased from 132 to 193, only 61.

This is related to the road of heavy industry, the policy of eager for success and the low starting point of urbanization.

[representative city: Wuhan]

On October 15, 1957, Wuhan people celebrating the opening of the bridge filled the bridge deck.

From 1978 to 2000, the level of urbanization in China increased from 17.92% to 36.22%, with an average annual increase of 0.83 percentage points. The number of cities increased from 193 to 663, and the number of towns increased from 2173 to 20312.

Large coastal cities have become the focus of urban construction, and many small and medium-sized cities and towns have emerged in coastal areas, such as Shishi, Dongguan, Kunshan, etc.

[representative city: Shishi]

At that time, the main cause of traffic jams was endless walking tractors full of stones.

Accelerated development from reform and opening up to the end of the 20th century (1978-2000)

The rapid development stage since the 21st century (2001)

With the expansion of the scale of cities and towns, the density of communication between cities and towns has increased, and the urban group of division and cooperation has gradually formed. At the end of 2012, China's urban population accounted for 52.57% of the total population.

[representative city: Tianjin]

The key point of urban construction is to build towns with good location conditions and new urban areas near big cities, such as Tianjin Binhai New Area, Zhengdong New Area, Shenbei New Area, etc.

Definition of countries

1. Residential areas above the location of a certain administrative center (Egypt, Mongolia)

2. Purely urban (Peru, Maltese)

3. Population alone (Iran, Kenya, Ireland, Australia)

4. Population + density (Sweden, Iceland, Canada, etc.)

5. Population + town characteristics (Pakistan, South Africa)

6. Employment composition + population (Netherlands, Yugoslavia)

7. Take more than two indicators (India, Czech)

8. Others