Kaiyuan city, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province

Kaiyuan city is located in the southeast of Yunnan Province, under the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It connects Yanshan, Qiubei and Mengzi in the East, Gejiu in the south, Jianshui in the West and Maitreya in the north. It is the transportation fortress and central city in Southeast Yunnan. It has a total area of 1950 square kilometers and a population of 334100 (2016).

Kaiyuan is rich in coal resources. Xiaolongtan, 20 kilometers away from the city, has 1.2 billion tons of lignite reserves. It is the largest open-pit coal mine in Yunnan, with an annual mining capacity of 6.3 million tons. There is a 600000 kW pit mouth power plant. Cement, chemical fertilizer, sugar making, paper making, wine making, food and other industries have begun to take shape.

In 2011, Kaiyuan achieved industrial added value of 4.03 billion yuan and total profits and taxes of 1.19 billion yuan.

In March 2015, Kaiyuan was officially named as the national health city by the National Patriotic Health Association. Top 100 counties and cities in Western China in 2019. On December 31, 2019, it will be selected as a typical county of rural innovation and entrepreneurship in China. In October 2020, it was rated as the national model city (county) of double support.

Historical evolution

Kaiyuan was called an Ning man in ancient times.

In Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, it belonged to guwanding state.

In the pre Qin period, it belonged to Dian Kingdom.

In the second year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (109 BC), Wuqi County was set up in the area from Kaiyuan to Jianshui, which was under the jurisdiction of Yizhou county. The Eastern Han Dynasty belongs to Yizhou county.

After the third year of Jianhan (225), it was called Xifeng County, belonging to Xinggu County of Yizhou.

In the Western Jin Dynasty, it was called Wuqi county again, and was subordinate to Xinggu County of ningzhou. From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties, Liangshui County of ningzhou was located in Liangli county.

In the Northern Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty was under the jurisdiction of Nanning.

Sui belongs to Nanning Prefecture.

At the beginning of Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Jiannan Daorong state, and Nanzhao state of Tang Dynasty was the land of Cuan, which was under the jurisdiction of Tonghai Dudu.

The state of Dali in Song Dynasty set up the most peaceful town in Kaiyuan.

In the seventh year of the reign of emperor Xianzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1257), he set up amiwanhu house in Kaiyuan.

In 1265, it was changed to South Road.

In the 13th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1276), wanhu house was removed and amizhou was established.

Dade three years (1299) to Li Lin'an road.

Ming Hongwu 15 years (1382) home amizhou‘

In the second year of Yongli (1648), it was renamed Kaiyuan Prefecture, and later renamed Amin Prefecture.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the Ming system was adopted, and amizhou belonged to Lin'an Prefecture.

In July of 1730, the eighth year of Yongzheng reign in Qing Dynasty, Lin'an Prefecture belonged to Yidong road;

Qianlong 31 years (1766) in October, Lin'an house is yinandao;

In October of 1887, Lin'an Prefecture belonged to Kaiguang road.

In April 1913, the state was abolished and changed into a county, which was called AMI county. It governed five districts, namely east, South, West, North and middle, and was subordinate to Mengzi road.

In 1929, Dao was abolished and Zhili was established in Yunnan Province.

In December of 1931, Jiang Zixiao, then head of Amin County, changed Amin County into Kaiyuan County by the idea of "extending all around and connecting Guangyuan".

In 1948, he was the fifth administrative inspector of Yunnan Province (stationed in Jianshui County).

Kaiyuan was liberated on January 18, 1950.

administrative division

Division evolution

On April 27, 1950, the people's Government of Kaiyuan county was established, which has jurisdiction over six districts and is subordinate to Mengzi district.

In 1957, Kaiyuan county was assigned to Honghe Prefecture.

On October 20, 1958, the 81st plenary session of the State Council decided to abolish Kaiyuan County, and put all six districts, four townships in seven districts and one township in five districts of Kaiyuan County under Wenshan County, and the rest under Gejiu City (approved by the State Council on September 16 and notified by the provincial people's Commission on October 3). There are Kaiyuan commune (District 1 and 2), Wuxing commune (District 5 and 7), Liaoyuan commune (zuomeidi Township and Mengzi Caoba in District 3 and 7), which is subordinate to Gejiu City.

In February 1959, Kaiyuan Association, a people's commune, was established as a political and social organization. It has jurisdiction over Kaiyuan, Bunao, Wuxing, Dazhuang and Caoba communes and is subordinate to Gejiu City.

On September 13, 1960, the 103rd plenary session of the State Council adopted that the organizational system of Kaiyuan County, which was merged into Gejiu City and abolished, should be restored, and its administrative region should remain unchanged as before, and Kaiyuan county should be led by Gejiu City. Kaiyuan County governs five communes.

In 1961, Caoba commune was transferred to Mengzi County.

On February 14, 1961, the State Council approved that Kaiyuan County, formerly led by Gejiu, should be directly led by Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture. It has jurisdiction over five communes, namely Chengguan, Kaiyuan, Zhongzhai, Xiaolongtan and Dazhuang, and four districts, namely mazhershao, Zhongheying, Jide and zongshe.

On January 18, 1981, the State Council approved the abolition of Kaiyuan county and the establishment of Kaiyuan city, with the former administrative region of Kaiyuan County as the administrative region of Kaiyuan city. On November 18, Kaiyuan city was officially established, with jurisdiction over 3 townships and Honghe Prefecture.

In 2000, Kaiyuan city governed three streets and five townships: Lingquan street, Lebaidao office, Xiaolongtan office, Zhongheying Township, mazeshao Township, beige Township, Yangjie Township and Dazhuang Hui Township.

In 2001, the city governs three streets, four townships and one ethnic township (Dazhuang Hui Township).

In 2003, Kaiyuan had 5 townships and 3 sub district offices: Dazhuang Hui Township, Yangjie Township, mazeshao Township, Zhongheying Township, beige township; Lebaidao street, Lingquan street, Xiaolongtan street. There are 52 village committees and 19 community neighborhood committees.

In 2005, Kaiyuan city abolished Zhongheying Township and masheshao Township and established Zhongheying town.

In 2006, Kaiyuan city changed Xiaolongtan sub district office into Xiaolongtan Town, where the town government was stationed.

Jurisdiction

In 2011, Kaiyuan has jurisdiction over two streets, two towns and three townships (including one ethnic township): Lebaidao street, Lingquan street, Xiaolongtan Town, Zhongheying Town, Dazhuang Hui Township, Yangjie Township and beige township. There are 23 community residents' committees, 52 villagers' committees and 454 natural villages.

geographical environment

Location context

Kaiyuan is located between 23 ° 30 ′～ 23 ° 58 ′ N and 103 ° 04 ′～ 103 ° 43 ′ e, in the southeast of Yunnan Province and the Middle East of Honghe Prefecture. It is adjacent to Qiubei and Yanshan counties of Wenshan Prefecture in the East, Mengzi County and Gejiu City in the south, Jianshui County in the West and Mile County in the north. The city is 66 km wide from east to west and 52 km long from south to north, with a total area of 1946.91 square kilometers, including 1405 square kilometers in mountainous area, accounting for 72% of the total area; 543.2 square kilometers in dam area, accounting for 28% of the total area.

topographic features

Kaiyuan is located in the south of Yunnan Plateau, adjacent to the diankang axis in the west, the edge of Guizhou Guangxi platform in the East, and between the two major faults of Honghe and Nanpanjiang. Under the influence of geological tectonic movement, the complex terrains such as fold, fault, fault basin, karst mountain alternating with each other, and Zhongshan gorge formed by Nanpanjiang River and its tributaries are formed, showing the landform of medium shallow cutting Zhongshan mountain plateau. The mountains are north-south, high in the southeast and low in the northwest. The highest point is 2775.6 meters above sea level, and the lowest is 950 meters above sea level. The relative height difference is 1825.6 meters, and the three-dimensional terrain features are prominent.

There are five landforms in the whole area: fault basin, impact fan group, low mountains and hills, middle mountain canyon and karst mountain area. The mountains in the territory belong to the Yunling branch of Hengduan Mountain, which is divided by kaiyuanba and juxtaposed in the East and West. The East is the branch of Liuzhao mountain on the eastern Yunnan Plateau, and the west is the remnant of Ailao Mountain. The main peaks are Pei Nanchong Dapo peak, Daheishan main peak, xiamiezhe Dashan, Shucheng mountain, liuziqing Dapo, Zhuqing Dapo, laowantianliangzi, Liufeng mountain, matoupo, baidajian mountain, Denglong mountain, Shizishan, Wofeng mountain Longshan.

hydrology

Kaiyuan city is located in the Nanpanjiang River Basin of Xijiang River (a tributary of the Pearl River). There are 12 rivers, including Nanpanjiang River, Lujiang River, Nandong River, Dazhuang River, Zhongheying River, and more than 60 natural lakes, such as triangle sea and spring pools.

Nanpanjiang River, originated in Zhanyi County, Qujing area, enters from denglongshan station in the northwest of the city, goes down to datuzhai village in the south, turns north to the boundary of Kai and MI, turns East and flows eastward along the northern boundary of three townships (places) of Lebaidao, Mazheshao and Zhongheying, and leaves at the junction of Qiubei and northeast of the city. The Nanpanjiang River is 82 kilometers long with a drainage area of 882 square kilometers. The average discharge is 217.5 m3 / s, the maximum discharge is 1440 m3 / s, and the sediment content is 1.09kg/m3.

Lujiang River originates from the northwest foothills of chirui Lake in Shiping County, passes through Yilong lake and Jianshui lake, and reaches lanpanzhai in ruodian. It enters from the southwest of the city, passes through kaiyuanba in the north, and joins Nanpanjiang River near cunjiu. The first section of kaiyuanba in Lujiang River was called lemeng River in ancient times, and the section below muhuaguo village was called Donghe river. The length of Lujiang River is 25 km, the drainage area is 331 km2, the average flow is 10.64 m3 / s, the maximum flow is 573 m3 / s, the minimum flow is 0.87 m3 / s, the annual average runoff is 391 million m3, and the sediment content is 0.97 kg / m3.

The Nandong river is an underground river. It flows out of the surface from Nandong and flows into Lujiang River from south to north. It was called Qingshui River in ancient times. The original length of Nandong river is 6.6 km, and it is 5.3 km after reconstruction in 1978. The average flow is 8.18 m3 / s, the maximum flow is 86.5 m3 / s, the minimum flow is 2.97 m3 / s, the annual average runoff is 294 million m3, and the sediment content is 0.97 kg / M3. The accumulated water area is 160 square kilometers.

Dazhuang river originates from Pingshi village of Daheishan foot in Dazhuang, flows through Dazhuang Bazi from east to west and flows into sanjiaohai. The total length of Dazhuang river is 13.8 km, the maximum flow is 156 m3 / s, the minimum flow is 1.6 m3 / s, the annual average runoff is 58 million m3, and the sediment content is 1.09 kg / m3. The accumulated water area is 131 square kilometers.

Zhongheying River, originated in Longtan, Shucheng, Zhongheying, flows from west to East through Zhongheying dam to north through xiangshuibazi, and flows into Nanpanjiang River through Feiyuze power station. The maximum discharge of Zhongheying river is 40 m3 / s, and the minimum discharge is 40 m3 / s