Geyser

Geyser

This entry is compiled and applied by "popular science China" Science Encyclopedia

to examine

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Geysers are intermittent eruptive hot springs, which mostly occur in areas with active volcanic activity. Some people compare it to "underground natural boiler". In volcanic active areas, the lava makes the formation water into water vapor, and the water vapor rises along the fractures. When the temperature drops below the vaporization point, it condenses into water with high temperature, and erupts once every other period of time to form geysers.

Cause of formation

Geysers are formed in this way: in volcanic areas, hot lava will make the surrounding strata water temperature rise, or even into water vapor. The water vapor rises along the cracks when it meets the cracks in the rock layer. When the temperature drops below the vaporization point, it condenses into water with high temperature. The accumulated water, as well as the groundwater in the upper part of the stratum, rises to the ground along the fissures of the stratum and erupts once every other period of time to form geysers. The water from geysers often contains minerals, which will be deposited when the water evaporates or re infiltrates into the earth's surface. Over time, the accumulated minerals can form various strange shapes, such as volcanic cones, craters, and sometimes geysers can "create" columnar mineral deposits. Although scientists have uncovered the mystery of geyser, people are still fascinated by its magnificent eruption landscape.

In addition to the necessary conditions for the formation of geysers, scientists have pointed out that the most fundamental factors for the formation of geysers are suitable geological structure and sufficient underground water. For example, in addition to sufficient underground water and suitable geological structure, there are also some special conditions

First, geysers must have energy. The hot magma activity in the active area of crustal movement is the energy source of geyser, so it can only be located in the shallow area. It must be in the area where the crustal movement is relatively active, there must be hot magmatic activity underground, and it must not be too deep from the surface. This is geyser power. All the places mentioned above are of this type.

Second, there should be a complex water supply system. In this natural boiler, there should be a deep spring channel. The groundwater is heated by the hot magma at the bottom of the channel, but it can't boil freely under the pressure of the high pressure water column at the top of the channel. The narrow channel also limits the convection of the spring water. In this way, the water under the channel is continuously heated and accumulated, until the steam pressure at the bottom of the water column exceeds the pressure at the top of the water column, the underground high temperature, high pressure hot water and hot gas will push all the water in the channel out of the surface, causing a powerful eruption. After the eruption, as the water temperature drops and the pressure decreases, the eruption will stop temporarily and accumulate strength to prepare for the next eruption.

Spectacular eruption

Tibet Geyser

Chinese scientists visiting the tagoga region in the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet have a report describing the moving scene of the eruption of the local fountain

“…… We encountered an unforgettable eruption: after a series of short eruptions and stops, with a huge roar, the high-temperature gas and water suddenly burst out of the spring mouth, and immediately expanded into a column of gas and water with a diameter of more than two meters, with a height of about 20 meters. The steam mass at the top of the column continued to roll and soar, hitting the blue sky. The scene was magnificent. "

Geysers are hot springs. This kind of spring doesn't keep gushing out of the spring. Instead, it stops and overflows. It seems that only after holding a breath can it gush out. When erupting, the spring water can be ejected into the air, forming a few meters, or even dozens of meters high water column, which looks very spectacular.

The geyser doesn't erupt for a long time. It stops automatically after a few minutes or dozens of minutes. After a period of time, a new eruption will occur. It's a cycle, it's a stop, it's a stop, it's a stop, it's the name of the geyser.

Geysers in Tibet were discovered after liberation. There are many geysers in dagega area, and the eruption energy is also large, which is comparable to the geysers abroad.

Huangshi Park Geyser

There is a geyser called honest spring in Yellowstone Park, which is very interesting. This geyser not only erupts violently, but also observes the time. It always erupts every hour or so, never ahead of time or late. That's why I got the reputation of honesty. But later, because of the earthquake, honest spring changed, and it was not as punctual as before.

New Zealand Geyser

The huaimeng Valley geyser on New Zealand's North Island is famous for its highest eruption, with a maximum height of 450 meters. Unfortunately, the good time is not long, huaimeng Valley has stopped erupting.

Famous geyser

Stroker Geyser

Stroker geyser is located in the southwest of Iceland, about 80 kilometers east of Reykjavik. Spray several times per hour, each lasting about 4-10 minutes.

Every time it spurts, hot water gushes out through a hole in the pond about 3 meters in diameter, forming a blue-green water dome. Then, with a burst of roar, bubbles churning, a column of boiling water rushed into the air more than 22 meters. The steam filled and hissed. Then the spray gradually subsided until the next eruption.

Stoli geyser is the first one to attract people's attention. It is in the same area as stroker geyser. The word "geyser" in western language comes from it.

The stori geyser, which used to be very active, has now calmed down with only occasional sprinkling. Geysers usually appear near the surface of magma (lava), where hot rock will heat the water. If the water can flow freely, it will come to the ground like a hot spring or a mud pond. If water is sealed in a natural pipe in rock, it will soon become hot, and part of the water will turn into steam under great pressure. When the source pressure of steam gradually increases. A huge stream of water and steam ejected from the ground. The process of heating water and making steam was going on all the time, so after a while another jet of water and steam burst out again.

In Reykjavik, heating for factories and homes comes from natural hot water. People usually wash in hot springs and even bake bread in hollows on the ground. In huilaguerzi, nicknamed "hot spring garden". The greenhouse heated by hot springs produces bananas, salad vegetables, grapes, orchids and roses.

Icelandic Geysers

Also known as the great Geysir, the geyser in Arnes Province in southwestern Iceland spewed boiling water in the 13th century at the latest. The diameter of the round pool is 18 meters (60 feet) and the depth is 1.2 meters (4 feet). Although the water spray is often less than that of the nearby geysers, the height of the water column is sometimes close to 61 meters (200 feet). Since 1916, the spring has been stagnant, probably due to people throwing rubbish into the lake.

In foreign countries, geysers are called "GEZE". The name is a transliteration of Icelandic. It also means geyser. Originally, Iceland is a country where geysers are very concentrated. In a mountain basin near Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, there is a famous geyser area. "Gaice" is one of the most famous geysers. When the geyser is calm, it is a round pool with a diameter of 20 meters. The green hot water fills the pool and flows out slowly along a gap in the pool. However, this calm situation will not last long, and it will suddenly become furious. The water in the pool is rolling, and the sound of snoring is similar to that of boiling. Soon, a column of water rose from the sky, and a hot drizzle was falling on the blue sky. It is said that the height of GEZE's eruption can reach 70 meters.

Lion Geyser

Against the Jiaogong River, a small tributary of Bailong River, there is a magical eruptive spring in Shizi township of Dangchang county. Local people say that it is connected with the sea and is a sea eye, so it is called "tidal water". Geological survey personnel believe that it is an intermittent eruptive geyser formed by the special geological structure inside the mountain. Lion geyser has mother spring and son spring, commonly known as mother and son spring, also known as husband and wife spring. Spring cliff cliff cliff standing in the canyon, the lion River surging into the Bailong River, a road between the two walls. Geyser mother spring is located in the south of the road and the river in contact with the mountain rocks, the mountain peaks of emerald; haze shadow, such as the setting of brocade. Sitting at the root of the mountain, the spring is blocked by the dense woods. It is shining and shining. It seems to be congealing but not congealing. There is no real appearance. It is full of beauty. The only thing you can see is the dark water on the rocks, which witnesses its long history. Every summer, when the sky is clear, the vast gorge is strangely quiet, the mountains are like sleeping dragons, the trees are like solidified shadows, the surging river is also calm like a soft forging sprinkled on the gorge, and even the singing birds disappear. Everything in nature is bathed in a static glow. When the shadow of the day passed the top of the mountain above the mother spring, the mother spring ejected a water column. When the water column fell through a beautiful arc in the air, the water line became a colorful halo, forming a peacock screen shape. The halo burst out waves of rays from the inside to the outside. In the blink of an eye, a waterfall flowed down the rock, making a rustling sound. There is a poem praising: "the top of Qingfeng mountain, where clouds are born, is a strange spring gushing over the rocks