Dai brocade weaving skills

Dai brocade weaving skills

Dai brocade weaving is one of the traditional handmade brocade weaving techniques in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and one of the national intangible cultural heritage.

Dai brocade weaving is an ancient textile technology. The design of patterns is created by skilled textile skills. Most of them are monochrome, and they are woven with weft threads. They are very precise in the organization of patterns.

On June 7, 2008, Dai brocade weaving skills were approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China and included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, numbered -106.

historical origin

According to the recorded data, Dai brocade should have appeared in the Tang Dynasty at the earliest time. At that time, there were records of Dai brocade paying tribute to the court, reflecting the division of labor between men and women in the farming society.

In the previous Dai court, there was a division of labor to pay tribute to each village. For example, Manchaodian Village is a village specially designed for brocade weaving. It is a well-known Dai brocade village in history. It was named as the hometown of brocade weaving by Banna State.

From 1994 to 1995, due to the rapid development of tourism in Banna, brocade was once the main business in Manchaodian Village. 60% of the villagers in the village were brocade weaving, and heard the voice of "machine" every day.

After the tourism fever declined, tourists began to decrease, the brocade market began to shrink, and agriculture became the main business of Manchaodian village.

Process characteristics

Dai brocade has two kinds of cotton brocade and silk brocade: cotton brocade is basically flowered through weft, cotton yarn is the ground, weaving with red or black weft; silk brocade has flowering through weft and broken weft.

Dai brocade is made by women, which reflects the farming social customs of men and women in Dai area. After working, Dai women weave noble lotus flowers, erect betel nut, auspicious peacock, solemn elephant, majestic Kirin, dragon and phoenix, Buddha pagoda and other patterns on the colored brocade to express the Dai people's pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty. Dai brocade often uses white background to set off a single independent pattern or repeated continuous patterns, and some patterns are presented as silhouette-like side shape, vivid image, sharp outline, giving people a deep impression. In addition, the Dai brocade also emphasizes the symmetry, contrast and continuity of patterns, and pays attention to the combination of dense, concrete and abstract.

Dai brocade is mainly produced in Dehong, Xishuangbanna, Gengma, Menglian and other valleys in Yunnan Province, and in Jinggu, Jingdong, Yuanjiang, Jinping County and Jinsha River Basin.

Technological process

raw material

The basic raw materials of brocade are silk, cotton, kapok, hemp and wool. From the material point of view, silk and cotton are used more, that is to say, the majority of products are silk brocade, cotton brocade and silk and cotton mixed brocade.

tool

Spinning tools: hand spinning wheels

It is composed of shelf and axle. The shelf is medium-shaped. The two sides are used to rotate the winding thread. The middle axle rotates long. It penetrates the hollow tube of the shelf. The fibers are released by the left hand. The right-hand rocker rotates the winding thread. After twisting, the winding thread is repeated.

Fabrics: shuttles

Important tools for weft insertion in textiles: the development of shuttles can also be seen in Yunnan national weaving tools, from using yarn balls as shuttles to using woven stick fibers or weft tubes, and then to developing winding boards perpendicular to the direction of warp yarn winding. Finally, they are shaped like jujube cores and hollowed in the middle as warehouses for weft inserting tubes. Some of them also add pulleys at the bottom of shuttles to increase the speed of shuttle beating knives. The medium pressure weft beating knife in textile is made of harder wood into a special axe-shaped weft beating knife. The weft insertion and beating are integrated by hollowing a slot in the thick back.

Fabric: heald

Using a pole similar to the width of the cloth, tied to the pole by a thin thread to make the warp interlace up and down separately on sawing loom to use half-heald, tie the odd or even strands of warp yarn, and complete one opening by a hand-held heald. The other loom relies on warp tension and is assisted by a beating knife, but it is different. The odd strand warp yarn is one heald, the even strand warp yarn is another heald, and the heald is lifted by foot-stepping tweezers. 。

Weaving: tweezers

The two boards are connected with the horse head on the loom rack to lift the harness under the action of the lever when trampling down.

Other accessories

In addition to the five main tools mentioned above, there are warp reels, warp splitting sticks, cloth reels, breadth braces and so on.

Loom

Due to the different degree of development and the influence of the surrounding nationalities, the weaving machines used by Dai nationalities are mainly inclined looms: a complete frame fixed warp let-off, coiling device, the weaver's seat and warp plane form an inclined angle, using odd and even two-page yarn heddles, lifting the heddle with trampling tweezers, and inserting weft with shuttles.

Technological process

When weaving, Dai women first tie the pattern with a piece of string on the "pattern board" (flower book), and then use the action of hand-held pedal to make the warp line form two layers and then start weft insertion, so that repeated circulation can be made into a very beautiful Dai brocade.

Preparation

After picking cotton peaches, seed cotton is obtained by shelling first, and then seeds are removed by ginning truck.

Bullet

The key to spinning cotton yarn is to use a bamboo bow to bounce the lint loose.

Volume feast

That is to say, a square board or a piece of bamboo sliver about 40 centimeters long, a bamboo stick or stick about 1 centimeter in diameter and 30 centimeters in length, laying a layer of cotton about 30 centimeters square and 0.5 centimeters thick on the board, rolling small sticks and cotton layers into a roll of cotton sliver, pulling out the stick and rolling it into a roll.

Spinning

Single spindle spinning is used to spin the yarn, and wire rope wheel is used to arrange the yarn regularly. It is also necessary to brush rice paste on the yarn to make the yarn smooth and straight. At the same time, insert the weft into the shuttle.

Warping

The warp yarn is arranged in order to divide odd and even yarns into two groups. The odd and even yarns are separately pierced into two different hedges, and the warp is pierced into the setting box.

Boarding

Ready the warp reel and the cloth reel, put the warp on the machine and begin to weave the brocade. The dyed yarn for loom is warp and weft. The warp threads pass through the machine brown, and the ends are tied to the winding roll and the coiling roll respectively. The weft threads through the shuttle. The number of shuttles is the same as the color number of the weft, that is, several shuttles with several colors of the weft, and then shuttle back and forth to weave various patterns.

Staining

That is to say, the white cloth through the spinning and dyeing process is dyed into a flower cloth with a white pattern on the blue background.

Inheritance and protection

Inheritance value

Dai brocade reflects the appearance of Dai's farming society. When the related crafts of many other nationalities'farming society disappeared, Dai brocade became very rare.

Dai brocade is closely related to Dai people's daily life, Buddhist beliefs and worship of ghosts and gods. It plays an important role in Dai people's social life and has unique historical, cultural and aesthetic values. Dai brocade is implicit and clear, rich in imagination, ingenious in conception and unique in technique. It occupies an important place in Chinese brocade art.

Inheritance status

Due to weak support and protection, Dai brocade weaving skills are facing extinction. To protect and develop Dai brocade scientifically and reasonably is of great significance for carrying forward the excellent Dai culture.

Inheriting characters

Ye Juan, female, was born in 1959. On May 26, 2009, Ye Juan was selected as the representative successors of the third batch of state-level intangible cultural heritage projects and declared in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Representative items: Dai brocade weaving skills.

Yuerjing, daughter. On May 8, 2018, Yueryong was selected as the representative successors of the fifth batch of state-level intangible cultural heritage projects, which were declared by the Dai Autonomous Prefecture of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province. Representative items: Dai brocade weaving skills.

protective measures

On March 27, 2013, the Dai Handicraft Brocade Skills Training Course held in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture opened in Manshawan Village, Menglong Town. The "Dai Brocade Skills" inheritor and protective production training course was held to inherit and protect the traditional culture of the minority, so that more people can understand and master the Dai brocade skills.

On August 6, 2014, the Dai Handicraft Brocade Skills Training Course in Xishuangbanna, sponsored by the Minzong Bureau of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province and sponsored by Xishuangbanna National Culture Communication Co., Ltd., was held at the Dai Handicraft Brocade Skills Training Institute of Manchao Point Villagers Group in Gasa Town. More than 80 trainees were trained. The training course focused on handicraft brocade skills, plant dyeing and other aspects. Study. The project is a project of handmade brocade inheritance, protection and development of Dai nationality, a national intangible cultural heritage in Xishuangbanna. Through in-depth protection, excavation, promotion and research and development, handmade brocade of Dai nationality is produced, brocade wire and brocade technology are improved, nearly 100 middle-aged and old rural women are encouraged to engage in the production of handmade brocade of Dai nationality, increase farmers'income, inherit and protect the west. Dai culture in Shuangbanna.

social influence

Important activities

From December 10 to 11, 2016, the 11th Confucius Institute Congress was held in Kunming. The intangible cultural heritage exhibition of Yunnan Province was presented at the Confucius Institute Congress. The national inheritors of Dai brocade skills showed the Dai brocade skills live on the spot.