Big flat tone

Big flat tone

Da Ping Diao (also known as Ping Diao, Da You Bang and Da Bang Opera), one of the local traditional operas in Henan and Shandong Province, is one of the national intangible cultural heritage.

Daping Diao originated in the mid-Ming Dynasty. It is mainly popular in northern Henan, southern Hebei, southwestern Shandong, Eastern Henan and Northern Anhui. It has a history of more than 500 years. Daping tune is a Bangzi tune system. It is called Ping tune or Ping tune because of its lower pitch than Shandong Bangzi, Henan Bangzi and Hebei Bangzi. Its music board structure is mostly the same as that of Henan Opera, and its artistic style is more rugged and popular than that of Henan Opera. The Great Ping Diao has a great influence in the vast area north of the Yellow River, gradually forming three tribes, namely, the East Road Ping Diao, the West Road Ping Diao and the East River Ping Diao.

On May 20, 2006, Daping Diao was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, the heritage number IV-26.

historical origin

In the 21st year of Kangxi (1682), Puyang Xiadi artists raised funds to donate grain, imitated official and eunuch court clothes to make linen suitcases, and officially performed on the stage, renamed Kaizhou Ping. There are dozens of such bench-head theatre troupes in Puyang County alone, which eventually developed into a major branch of the Great Ping Diao.

Around 1820 years ago, Donglu Pingdao was spread to Heze and Caoxian through Dongming County. It absorbed Shandong folk Wushu and Shandong Bangzi and other local opera performances, and gradually Shandong Pingdao became Shandong-style, forming the independent drama of Daping Diao. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, more than a dozen large-scale peace-tuning classes were active in the vast areas along the north and south sides of the Yellow River, and three regional schools with different styles were formed. One is Kaizhou Ping with Kaizhou (Puyang) as the center, the other is Xiluping with Huaxian as the activity center (also known as Huaxianping), and the third is Dongluping with Dongming as the activity center.

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Kaizhou Ping became a great god-worshiping drama. While performing "bench head", large-scale opera troupes appeared, such as Hongjiaban in Qingfeng, Wanjiaban in Nanle and Fanjiaban in Puyang. The children's song sings: "Qianlong Tongbao grasps everywhere, like beating a dog to make a family, playing in the world of flowers and flowers, reincarnating the emperor's family in the afterlife." It reflects the grand performance of Gaotai. With the increase of performance groups, competition is inevitable. At the Water God Meeting in Sangzhai, Puyang, on June 12, in order to enhance their reputation, the three families devoted all their efforts to creating stunts, such as "hanging braids", "tray forks", "along the hairpin", "playing five colors" and "hanging big" and many other stunts were created in this way. Thus, the characteristics of Puyang major flat tune are different from those of other places.

After the 1950s, it was generally called Great Flat Tune. It takes Caozhou (Heze City, Shandong Province) as the center, spanning the fringe areas of Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, from Zhengzhou to Chenzhou in the West (today Huaiyang), from Xuzhou to Bozhou in the south, from Daming to Cizhou in the north, and from Yanzhou in Jining to Yanzhou in the east, and is known as the eight popular provinces.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, a number of modern plays were created, and received good repercussions after the performance.

Cultural characteristics

Overall style

Hedong Daping Tune

Hedong Great Ping Diao has a unique artistic style and is good at singing "tricks".

Puyang Daping Tune

Puyang Major Flat Opera shows rough, less decorative, big circle, cross-legged strides. Facial face is cloudy hands, open the door to beckon, stare, shake shoulders, brace, stride like waves, appear like three shakes. With Dahongquan as the foundation of body support, real knives and guns, great momentum, bold and vigorous, clear rhythm.

Daming Daping Tune

Daming Daping Opera belongs to Banqiang Banzi Opera, because its singing is five degrees lower than "high-key" (Henan Opera), so it is called Ping Opera; because of its use of Bangzi is particularly large, so it is called Dabang Opera and Dayaobao Opera; because its repertoire is mostly a big play with robes, and the cast is huge.

Accompaniment instrument

The main accompanying instruments are big strings, two strings, three strings, big bangs, trumpets, etc.

perform

The grand flat-key performance is magnificent and magnificent. It retains the "top-notch" and "four big fans" used in the early stage of Henan Opera. The four fans include a pair of cymbals and a pair of cymbals. "Four big fans" are played with "top horn". The top horn is very loud. If a warhorse hisses, it can spread to miles away. It is suitable for creating an atmosphere of ancient war and a lively scene. The performance in flat key emphasizes both singing and playing, and is bold and bold, rigid and soft. It absorbs many movements of martial arts performance and introduces many martial arts special effects. The representative movements of Taiping tune include "stride across the tibia", "circle by hand", "three changes of direction", "big hanging", "along the knife", "nine buckets of water", "climbing mast", "top lamp", "golden chicken chair" and other martial arts special effects are also commonly used in Taiping tune performance, which is different from other operas.

Suit and business

Among the roles of the major flat tune, black face and red face occupy the main position, forming an important feature of the opera. Its performance is magnificent, the scene is grand, singing, doing, reading and playing, rough and bold, rigid and soft.

Music for voices in a Chinese Opera

Daping tune singing music belongs to Bangzi tune system, which is a kind of plate-style variation. It has many similarities with Shandong Bangzi and Henan Opera in the structure of the music plate, but in the artistic style it is much more rugged than Henan Opera, and has Shandong local characteristics, especially Donglu Tune. The singing tune of Daping tune is basically the same as that of Shandong Bangzi, but the voice is usually true, but the fake voice is very high at the end of slab starting like Adagio and turning nail.

Form of performance

Major flat-key performances are diverse, exaggerated without distortion, bold in pursuit of perfection, rough in detail, rigid in soft, personality is very distinct. In the performance practice, the Taiping tune artists once absorbed the folk Wushu routine, and the real knife and gun performed on the stage, which is unique.

Representative repertoire

Daping Diao has accumulated a rich repertoire in the long-term development process. According to statistics, there are about 600 plays, and only 200 plays remain. Its contents are mainly based on the stories of Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Yangjia Jiang, Baogong Case, etc. Most of them are black-faced and red-faced "robe-belt drama". There are fewer folk life stories and plays. They are Xia Gaoping, Xia Yanjing, Xia Jiangnan, Anti-Yanghe, Jinyang Guan, Anti-Xuzhou, Jianjiang Wei, Baihua Pavilion, Zheng Luoyang, Qin Xianglian, Xi Zhao Wang, Zhao Gong Ming Xia Shan, Jin Whip Ji, Zhang Fei Ronggu, Sanzhuan Decree and Fire Dragon Front.