Maoqiang

Name of China's national intangible cultural heritage: Maoqiang

Applicant: Gaomi City, Shandong Province

Project No.: 211

Project No.: Ⅳ - 67

Time of publication: 2006 (the first batch)

Category: Traditional Drama

Region: Shandong Province

Type: new item

Applicant: Gaomi City, Shandong Province

Protection unit: Gaomi Art Theater

Introduction to Maoqiang

Applicant: Gaomi City, Shandong Province

Maoqiang is a local opera popular in Weifang, Qingdao, Rizhao and other places. It was originally a folk humming tune, called "zhougu tune". It is said that it got its name from the singing of a nun surnamed Zhou, also known as "cubital drum". It is said that it got its name from folk artists' singing of cubital drum beating rhythm. Maoqiang has been widely spread in Shandong Peninsula around Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty. In the process of spreading, it absorbed the local Huagu Yangge and other singing forms to form "benguzi tune", which means the original guguzi tune and can also be understood as the local popular GuZi tune. It is also called "ohohan" or "laoguadiao" because of its unique characteristics. Around 1895, "laomanzhou", a native of Northern Jiangsu, and his sons and daughters sang along Linyi to the north. They integrated Liuqin opera's singing into "bengugu", forming a new singing method of ending octave. This kind of singing is called "Damao" or "Daming" by the local people. It takes its homophony, "bengougu" has gradually evolved into "maogougu", which was named Maoqiang after liberation.

Maoqiang tune is simple and natural in tone, euphemistic and plaintive in singing, and easy to understand. It is deeply loved by the residents of Shandong Peninsula. Among Maoqiang, female opera is particularly developed, which gives people a sense of sadness and sorrow, and can arouse the resonance of women. Therefore, Maoqiang is commonly known as "tie wife Puzi opera". Maoqiang has more than 100 plays, among which the representative plays are Tokyo, Xijing, Nanjing, Beijing, Luoshan, Wubei, kites, keys, Huolong, Yulan, Rongxian and honeybee. Maoqiang was only accompanied by drums, cymbals, gongs and other percussion music in the period of Gugu. During the period of Gugu, Liuqin was used as accompaniment. Later, under the influence of Peking Opera and Bangzi, Jinghu was used as the main musical instrument, and the strings were fixed according to the erhu of Peking Opera, combined with erhu and Yueqin. Suona, flute, Sheng, low Hu, Yangqin and other national musical instruments were gradually added. At first, Maoqiang was divided into Sheng, Dan and Chou. Later, Maoqiang was divided into roles according to Peking Opera, and the division of labor was more detailed and complete.

Maoqiang has strong artistic appeal and vitality, which is inseparable from people's life. However, with the development of market economy and modern science and technology, great changes have taken place in people's way of life and art appreciation. Young people in the city are unfamiliar with Maoqiang, and the professional performance team is shrinking. Although Maoqiang still has a strong mass base in the countryside, the problem of development and inheritance is also serious.