Wulingyuan

Wulingyuan scenic spot

synonym

Wulingyuan (scenic spot) generally refers to Wulingyuan scenic spot

Wulingyuan scenic spot is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, central China, between 110 ° 20'30 "～ 110 ° 41'15" E and 29 ° 16'25 "～ 29 ° 24'25" n. It is composed of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Zhangjiajie City, SUOXIYU Nature Reserve in Cili County and Tianzishan Nature Reserve in Sangzhi County. It covers an area of 369 square kilometers and has more than 3000 odd mountains and peaks, of which 243 are above the sea level.

Wulingyuan is located at the junction of quartz sandstone and limestone. A large area of limestone karst landform in the northern part of the scenic area has been eroded and dissolved by rivers for hundreds of millions of years, forming numerous karst caves, sinkholes, skylights and springs.

The forest coverage rate of Wulingyuan scenic spot is 67%.

There are more than 400 kinds of wild animals and 850 kinds of woody plants, 3 kinds of first-class protected animals, leopard, clouded leopard and yellow bellied horned pheasant, and 25 kinds of second-class protected animals, such as giant salamander, macaque and pangolin. There are 5 species of Davidia involucrata, boleshu, Taxus chinensis var. mairei and 16 species of Taxus chinensis var. mairei, Eucommia ulmoides and Magnolia officinalis

.

Wulingyuan is known as the labyrinth of nature, the Museum of geology, the kingdom of forest, the garden of flowers of plants and the paradise of wild animals.

Listed in World Natural Heritage in 1992

. In 2004, it was listed as the first batch of world geoparks

In 2007, it was awarded the first batch of national AAAAA tourist attractions.

On February 27, 2020, Wulingyuan scenic spot in Zhangjiajie, Hunan Province took the lead in restoring its opening to the outside world. During the epidemic period, the flow of scenic spot did not exceed 30% of the maximum instantaneous flow, and the number of group tourists did not exceed 30. All scenic spots are free of charge for medical staff across the country.

Historical evolution

In 1984, when Hu Yaobang, then general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, visited the site, he named Zhangjiajie, SUOXIYU and Tianzishan as Wulingyuan

.

In August 1988, Wulingyuan scenic spot was listed in the second batch of national key scenic spots.

In 1992, Wulingyuan natural scenic spot, which is composed of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park and other three scenic spots, was listed in the world natural heritage list by UNESCO.

In March 1995, when Comrade Jiang Zemin inspected Zhangjiajie, he wrote an inscription: "build Zhangjiajie into a famous tourist attraction at home and abroad.".

In February 2004, Wulingyuan scenic spot was listed as one of the first world geoparks in China.

In 2007, it was listed in the first batch of national AAAAA scenic spots in China.

Location context

Wulingyuan scenic spot is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, central China, between longitude 110 ° 20'30 "～ 110 ° 41'15" and latitude 29 ° 16'25 "～ 29 ° 24'25". It is composed of Zhangjiajie Forest Park in Zhangjiajie City, SUOXIYU Nature Reserve in Cili County and Tianzishan Nature Reserve in Sangzhi County. The total area is about 500 square kilometers.

geographical environment

Geological characteristics

Wulingyuan area is located in the third Neocathaysian uplift belt in the regional tectonic system. During the geological history period, it experienced Wuling Xuefeng, Indosinian, Yanshan, Himalayan and neotectonic movement. The Wuling Xuefeng movement established the basement structure in Wulingyuan area. The Indosinian movement shaped the basic tectonic geomorphic framework of Wulingyuan area, and the Himalayan and neotectonic movements are one of the most basic internal factors for the formation of the peculiar quartz sandstone peak forest landscape in Wulingyuan area.

The formation of sandstone peak forest landform is mainly composed of Yuntaiguan formation and Huangjiadun formation of middle and Upper Devonian in Paleozoic, which shows the characteristics of littoral facies clastic rocks. The rock is pure in quality, thick in layer, flat in bottom, developed in vertical joints, and exposed in syncline outline, which reflects the special geological structure environment and basic conditions for the formation of sandstone peak forest landscape. The water erosion, gravity collapse and biological biochemical and physical weathering caused by external geological activities are the necessary external conditions to shape the landscape of Wulingyuan.

Geomorphic types

Zhangjiajie landform

Zhangjiajie landform is a unique type of sandstone landform. It is composed of quartz sandstone as the parent rock, water erosion, gravity collapse, weathering and other forces. It is mainly composed of high and straight stone pillar forest. It is "in the tectonic setting of South China plate and subtropical humid area, it is formed by water erosion, gravity collapse, weathering and other factors, mainly by high and straight stone pillar forest, and the geomorphic landscape represented by deep cut ZhangGu, Shiqiang, Tianshengqiao, Fangshan, platform and other modeling landforms.".

Quartz sandstone

Under the action of various external forces such as intermittent uplift and inclination of regional neotectonic movement, water erosion and cutting, gravity, physical weathering, biochemistry and root splitting, the mountain formed peak forest according to the complex natural evolution process, showing the characteristics of high, flat top and steep wall.

Tectonic dissolution geomorphology

Wulingyuan tectonic dissolution landform, mainly exposed in the Permian and Triassic carbonate distribution area, covers an area of 30.6 square kilometers, can be divided into five sub categories, can be called the typical representative of "Xiangxi type" karst landscape. The main forms are karst veins, karst scars, karst buckets, karst ditches, stone buds, stone forests, through holes, depressions, sinkholes, shafts, skylights, undercurrent, underground rivers, karst springs, karst caves, karst troughs, stone membranes, buried stone buds, funnels, etc. The caves are mainly concentrated in the north of SUOXIYU Valley and the south of the eastern margin of the emperor, with a total number of dozens. Huanglong cave is the most typical one, which is known as "the treasure house of Speleology" and has special value in tourism and exploration.

 

Denudation structure landform

Denudation structure landforms are distributed in Silurian clastic area, and three sub types can be seen: clastic rock middle mountain single side mountain landforms are distributed in majingjie baihutang and chaotianguan Dajian areas around quartz sandstone peak forest landscape; liyuji V Valley Middle Mountain landforms are distributed in Huping, shijiayu, huangjiaping and other places; clastic rock low mountain landforms are distributed in the outer edge of middle mountain, with gentle hillside and open valley Broad type V.

Valley landform

The geomorphic types of valley can be divided into piedmont alluvial fan, terrace and high floodplain. The former is distributed in shaping village, developed in the area of chaqiyu shijiayukou; two terraces are developed on both sides of Suoxi, the second is the base terrace, which is 3-10 meters higher than the river; the high floodplain of jundiping yujiazui line is developed, with an area of 4-5 square kilometers.

Geological relic landscape

The sand lines in Devonian strata on huiyinbi of Wulingyuan scenic spot and the ripples on the rock paintings beside tiaoyutan are rare geological relics, which are not only for visiting, but also for studying the paleoenvironment and the changes of sea and land. The Coral fossils distributed in the Permian strata of Tianzishan are shaped like tortoise pattern, so they are called "tortoise stone".

 

Climate landscape

Cloud and fog are the most common meteorological wonders in Wulingyuan scenic area, which have five forms: cloud and fog, cloud sea, cloud waves, cloud waterfall and cloud.

 

Climatic characteristics

Wulingyuan scenic area belongs to the monsoon humid climate of the middle subtropical mountain prototype. The average annual precipitation is 1380.0-1450.0 mm. The distribution of monthly precipitation is uneven, mainly from April to July, with 49 precipitation days, accounting for 32% of the annual precipitation days. The concentrated period of heavy precipitation is from May to July, and the precipitation reaches 650 mm, accounting for 46% of the total amount of the whole year. From December to January, the precipitation is less, about 56 mm, accounting for only 4% of the total amount of the whole year. In a year, the relative wet season is from April to July, and the relative dry season is from August to September. The annual average sunshine is 1297.2 hours. August is the most, with an average of 202.5 hours; February is the least, with an average of 55.7 hours. The annual average wind speed is 1.1 m / s, which is 1.3 m / s to 1.5 m / s in February to April, and 1.0 m / s to 1.2 m / s in other months.

The snowfall in Wulingyuan scenic area mainly concentrated from December to February of the next year. The average frost period is 91 days in 30 years, of which the actual frost days are 24.5 days and the average annual frost free period is 274 days. The earliest frost year starts in November and ends in March. January was the most, with an average of 9.8 days, followed by December and February, with 7.2 days and 5.3 days, respectively. The annual average glaze day is 1.3 days, the longest continuous time is 8 days, and the maximum icing diameter is 9 mm (February 16, 1964), most of which is in December.

 

natural resources

water resource

The annual average total water resources of Wulingyuan scenic spot is about 200 million cubic meters, which is about 160 million cubic meters in 2008. Suoxi River