Qian Zai

Qian Zai

Qian Zai (1708-1793), whose name is Kun Yi, is a Qing Dynasty official, poet, calligrapher and painter. In the 17th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong, he was a Jinshi, a good scholar, and an editor. Later, he was a Bachelor of cabinet and a minister of rites. He went to the study and was the chief editor of Siku Quanshu. In his later years, he sold paintings for a living.

He is good at painting, painting and painting. He is especially good at painting and painting. He was a representative poet of Xiushui school in Qianjia period.

Life of the characters

Family abyss

Qian Zai's original surname was he. His ancestor was he Fujun of Guisi, who lived in Ganquan township of Haiyan. In 1381, he Yu, a son of Qian Zai, was raised by he Fujun of Yiqian, so he changed his surname to Qian and later moved to Xiushui. Qian Jiazheng was the great ancestor of Qian Zai. Qian Jiazheng once fought against the Wei party. Qian Zai recorded: "at the beginning of Chongzhen period, the first official served the emperor and impeached the Wei party with all his life. Shu Yun said:" reading the books of sages, the only way to pass on the family is loyalty and filial piety. " After Qian Jiazheng, he was appointed magistrate of Songxi County and promoted to censor of Shandong Province. His integrity, obedience to the law, fearlessness of power, and scrupulous adherence to loyalty and filial piety had a great influence on Qian Zai. When it comes to Qian Zai's father's generation, the family is gradually declining. Qian Zai's father is Qian Ji. Qian Zai's father is described in the inscription on the Shinto of Qian Fu Jun, a scholar of Shandong academic and political cabinet and Minister of rites, who was born in the Imperial College of Tongfeng. He said: "the emperor of Fu had been visiting the capital for a long time, so he couldn't go back to the provincial examination of gengzi (1720) in order to settle his poverty. In Huixi thatched cottage where I live, the autumn rain has fallen down on several old houses. I happily say, "I can plant my chrysanthemum with a few bows in the open field." In his whole life, he was kind-hearted, straight-minded, and he was very happy to see each other. Getting up in the morning is often used in the kitchens of the cohabitants, and it is also called "Ju Chui.". And whether there is a prince or not, I will wait for my mother and wife. The thatched cottage has broken a number of books and cabinets, and taught his son to be natural and unrestrained, handsome and ambitious. He said: "it's not about family production. Scholars are anxious about life. What should we do? I can't cover it, but I'll have both. "

Seeking a career as a student

In 1713, Qian Zai went to his great uncle Qian lunguang's house to meet his wife Chen Shu, who said, "I saw the painting of Mrs. Tai." Chen Shu said, "the painting is especially skillful, and the landscape, characters, flowers and plants are all clear and beautiful, trying to catch up with the ancient author.". Qian Zai was deeply impressed by Chen Shu's painting skills. In 1729, Qian Zai began to copy Chen's calligraphy and painting after he failed to take part in the local examination. According to a textual research on the calligraphy and painting of oubolaoshi, it is said that "the work of Mulan and bamboo (Qian Zai) was passed down by the old man of Nanlou (referring to Chen Shu) and was written by a famous ink painter I have a large frame of Magnolia in ink. It's simple and elegant, and it's not fake. " It is pointed out that Qian Zai's painting method originated from Chen Shu, which has the characteristics of "simple, simple and elegant, not fake carving". Chen Shuyou attached great importance to Qian Zai and ordered him to give his grandsons Qian ruding and Qian Rucheng letters. When Qian Zai was seven years old, he was sent by his uncle Zhu xiuyong to study in Zhang Jiaxue school. The next year, he transferred to Peng Jiaxue school, and the teacher was Cao Zhen. Cao juantong is a master of five classics and Neo Confucianism. Under the education of Cao, Qian Zai came into contact with Neo Confucianism very early. In the 57th year of Kangxi's reign (1718), Qian Chong, zaiper's father, returned from the capital and taught zaiper his studies in person. Qian Xun was deeply influenced by Lu kuixun and Zhu YIZUN: "the study of the doctor was carried out by Mr. Lu Tang, and the lecture was carried out by Mr. Zhu long." Under Qian Ji's words and deeds, Lu kuixun and Zhu YIZUN's thoughts had an impact on Qian Zai. Qian also often mentioned that Fan Zhongyan had set up Yitian to support his people: "in 1718, the doctor returned to the capital and sat at night with oil lamp. He first heard that he and his wife were willing to imitate Wen Zheng and support fan Gongyi's family. He often said that later." Since then, Qian Zai has also realized the role of purchasing Yitian: "in the previous round, the annual income is equal to the three shares. If you are fierce at the age of 20, those who have rice will let those who have no rice. After this, he still chose the virtuous, two years old and one more. First accept the national rent, then divide the rice. If you have plenty of people, you can't get enough. If you have little rice, you will be all right. " The establishment of Yitian can be regarded as beneficial to the country and the family. In 1727, Qian Zai paid homage to sangtiaoyuan. Sang Diaoyuan's Neo Confucianism had a great influence on Qian Zai. In 1725, Qian Zai and Zhu peiran, Chen Xiangzhong, Zhu Weigao, and Wang youzeng made diplomatic relations. He often met, and he once combined five poetry notes into an episode called Nanguo new poetry. Qian Zai also communicated with Wang Mengzhen, brother Wang Zhongzhen, Wan Guangtai, Zhu xiudu, Zhujin, Jin Deying, etc. to discuss poetry scholarship, forming a school of common creative tendency in poetry creation - "Xiushui school".

Official career

In 1732, Qian Zai married Zhang of anqiao in Tongjun. Three years later, Cheng Yuanzhang, governor of Zhejiang Province, recommended Qian Zai to take part in the next year's erudite Hongci section. The next year, Qian Zai went north to the capital to take the exam and failed. As a scholar, Zai had no ability to make a living and his family was in dire straits. The burden of the family fell on her mother, Mrs. Zhu, who died in 1741 of the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong. Six years later, her father died. After his father died for a hundred days, he went to the capital to meet his uncle Qian Chenqun, who was Qian Lun's wife. Soon after, he went down to Nanchang with Chen Qun and got to know Jiang Shiquan. From then on, he formed a deep friendship. In the 14th year of Qianlong (1749), Zai and Jiang Pu drove out of the fortress. After returning home, Jiefu and Ji Huang recommended Zai to study Confucian classics. The next year, he took the examination of eight banners. in March of 1752, the 17th year of Emperor Qianlong, the provincial examination was held in zhongshuntian. In August, he took part in the joint examination and won the first place in the second class of the court. He was 45 years old and was a good scholar. In this regard, Qian Chenqun said in his book Xi Wen Cong sun Zai's Nangong Jieyin, i.e. CI cheng'er Yun: "it was 20 years late to carve Chu leaf, and when he wrote about Han Gongshen '. The only bird at the edge of the cloud comes first, and the cold pine at the bottom of the stream is known later. Since then, the articles of the state of China have been greatly expanded, and the two halls of Fengyue belong to Jingshi. " It affirms Qian Zai's situation and ability before he became a Jinshi. Generally speaking, Qian Zai's official career is relatively smooth. Qianlong was good at it. Qian Zai served as the examiners of the local examination and the general examination for many times, and was ordered to offer sacrifices to Shaanxi, Sichuan Yuedu and the Imperial Mausoleums of the past dynasties. Official to minister of rites. In the 48th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong (1783), he took the original product as a substitute. However, Qian Zai's career was also full of twists and turns. The most famous one was in 1780, the 45th year of the reign of Emperor Qianlong. After Qian Zai's memorial to Shaanxi, Sichuan, and the mausoleums of emperors of all dynasties, the mausoleum of Yao should be in Pingyang, not Puzhou. This theory caused a great disturbance. After being refuted by the great scholar and Jiuqing, Qian Zai still insisted on playing the song. In his book a collection of Chen Yaoling, he said: "qiechen followed the order to investigate the Yaoling, and found that the Yaoling in Pingyang was true, while the Yaoling in Puzhou was false. Thank you for your foldable performance. Imperial edict: the grand bachelor and nine Qing will discuss the music together with the Ministry. The main manuscript of the Ministry of rites discussed and refuted, followed by the order and discussed. How dare I reply when I am silent. However, Chen yuanzou only identified whether there was a mausoleum of Yao, and did not dare to mention the place where the sacrifice was changed. However, the discussion on this issue is closely related to ethics. Chen Jingjin plays again... " However, Qian Zai's memorial was once again severely criticized: "Qian Zai originally arrived late, and the matter was only archaeology, so it was not studied in depth." And gives a lot of reasons to refute the theory of Qian Zai. Qian Zai's original intention was to "identify the existence of the mausoleum of Yao, but he did not dare to say a word about the place where the sacrifice was changed". Just as Qianlong denounced, "it's just archaeology". Why did Qianlong fight so hard? Because "in the first year of Qianlong, Yuejun, governor of Shandong Province, played the role of sacrificing Puzhou from Dongping", if Qian Zai's words were used, it would show that the Yao mausoleum worshipped by Qianlong in the past was wrong, so Qian Zai's words could not be avoided. This is one of them; second, from the perspective of maintaining the rule, Qianlong made a detailed consideration of the crisis that might be caused by this matter: "if the government politics, it is also like this, I will punish it again. That is to say, in the Ming Dynasty, when all the officials were in trouble, they gathered together in court to fight for private benefits. At the beginning, they formed their own doors, and then they were divided into different parties to help them. As a result, they were not beneficial to the state affairs, and the state affairs were not going well, so they must be cited as a warning. "

In his later years

In the 48th year of Qianlong (1783), Qian Zai took the original product as a substitute. After returning to the fields, Qian Zai gradually became poor and made a living by selling paintings. Yuan Mei wrote in the supplement to Suiyuan's Poetry: "Bingchen (1736) called more than 200 people to test. Now it's 55 years old. The only one who can survive is Qian pengshige's study and the other two. In May 1790, when he visited Jiahe, he had a stroke and was half paralyzed. In his 80s, he was still able to talk. He was a poor man. He was a real ancient man But Qian Zai didn't regard poverty as his main concern. He enjoyed himself in the mountains and rivers. They set up Yitian to support their ancestors. Qianlong 58 years (1793), died in the township, 86.

Historical records of the Qing Dynasty

In the 10th year of Yongzheng reign, the vice-president of the Imperial College, who was a student of Gongsheng, failed to take the examination of Hongci and Jingxue. In the 17th year of Emperor Qianlong, he became a Jinshi, changed into a Shu Jishi, and granted editing. Seven moved cabinet bachelor, straight to the study. In the 41st year, he was in charge of learning and administration in Shandong Province. In the 45th year of the reign, he ordered a memorial ceremony to be held in Yuedu, Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces, as well as the mausoleum of the emperor. He promoted the Minister of rites and served as the examiners of Jiangnan Rural examination. He put the consultant as the first. His four books and essays were purely in the form of couplets, and his style was good. In the spring and Autumn period, the Lu family buried Yao in the valley, but the historical records did not record the place. In the first year of Qianlong reign, Yue Jun, governor of Shandong Province, was appointed to Puzhou from Dongping. In the 41st year, Yin Jiaquan, the Minister of Dali temple, said that he should be in Pingyang and refuted. He studied in Shandong Province and paid a visit to the Yaoling mausoleum in Puzhou. He returned to Pingyang in Sichuan Province and got the northeast of Yaoling Prefecture. He also went to Dongping to ask for the Yaoling mausoleum in the old time. He thought that it was in Pingyang. Both Tang and Wu were not buried in the historical records, but Gai was buried in the historical records. Due to the lack of information, please determine. The next great scholar and nine Qing debated and refuted, but they still couldn't go to bed for reconsideration. The imperial edict said: "to discuss the ancient by the way of classics, to differentiate repeatedly, and to explain the origin."