Phellodendron amurense

Phellodendron amurense

(compendium)

[synonym] Berberis (Ben Jing), Berberis bark (treatise on Febrile Diseases), Phellodendron amurense (annotation of Ben Cao Jing).

[source] bark of Phellodendron amurense or Phellodendron amurense.

[plant morphology] 1. Phellodendron amurense, also known as Phellodendron amurense and Phellodendron amurense.

Deciduous tree, 10-25m high, with gray outer bark, thick cork layer, longitudinal fissure on the surface and bright yellow endodermis. Branchlets usually grayish brown or light brown, rarely reddish orange. Leaves opposite, odd pinnate compound, leaflets 5-13, petioles short, leaflets long, round lanceolate, ovate lanceolate or subovate, 5-11 cm long, 2-3.8 cm wide, apex long acuminate, base usually unequal broadly cuneate or suborbicular, margin serrate or subedentulous, often ciliate; above dark green, pubescent along veins when young, glabrous when old. Below pale white, pubescent along veins when young, white villous only at base of midrib when old. Inflorescence paniculate, rachis and branches hairy when young; flowers unisexual, dioecious, smaller; calyx 5, ovate; petals 5, oblong, yellowish green; stamens 5, protruding out of petals; filaments base hairy; staminodes of female flowers scaly, pistil 1, ovary superior, style very short, stigma capitate, 5-lobed. The berry shaped drupe is spherical, about 8-10 mm in diameter, purple black at maturity, with 5 nuclei. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruit period is from September to October.

It grows in the mixed forest of mountain or near the flood current of valley. It is distributed in Northeast and North China.

The fruit of this plant (Phellodendron amurense) is also used for medicine. Please refer to the special section for details.

② Yellow bark tree, also known as: gray bark cypress, Phellodendron chinense.

Deciduous trees, 10-12m high. Bark outer gray brown, very thin, without thickened cork layer, inner yellow; branchlets usually dark reddish brown or purple brown, smooth glabrous. Leaves opposite; single pinnate compound leaves, leaflets 7-15, with short stalks; leaves oblong lanceolate to oblong ovate, 9-14 cm long, 3-5 cm wide, apex acuminate, base broadly cuneate or suborbicular, usually unequal on both sides, dark green above, only midrib hairy below, pale green, villous. Inflorescence paniculate, rachis and branches densely short hairy; flowers unisexual, dioecious; sepals 5, ovate; petals 6, oblong; stamens 6, much more than petals, filaments very long, base with white villous; staminodes of female flowers short, pistil 1, ovary superior, 5-locular, style short; stigma 5-lobed. Berrylike drupe globose, 1-1.2 cm in diameter, densely clustered, purple black after ripening, usually 5-nucleated. The flowering period is from May to June. The fruit ripens in October.

It grows in the mixed wood forest on the edge of the valley on the mountain. It is distributed in Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang and other places.

The varieties of Clausena glabra (distributed in Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and Shaanxi), E'mei Clausena (distributed in Sichuan), Yunnan Clausena (distributed in Yunnan) and falcate Clausena (distributed in Yunnan) are also used as medicine.

[collection] harvest from March to June. The bark of Cortex Phellodendri with more than ten years old was peeled in turn. It can't be stripped all at once to keep the original tree growing. After stripping, new skin will grow on its own, and the uncut part can be harvested next year. Dry the remaining bark until it is half dry, flatten it, scrape off the thick bark (cork) until it is yellow, do not damage the endothelium, brush it clean and dry it, and place it in a dry and ventilated place to prevent mildew and discoloration.

(1) Phellodendron amurense

Also known as: Guan Bai, Guan Huangbai. It is the dry bark of Phellodendron amurense. It is a slightly curved plate with irregular edges, varying in length and width, and about 2-4 mm thick. The surface of the embolus is brown yellow, flat or with wrinkles and pores; the inner surface is gray yellow. It is loose and easy to break. The section is fibrous, light yellow and slightly green. It tastes bitter. The powder is sticky when it meets with water, and the water is dyed yellow. It is better if the film is big, bright yellow and without embolus.

It is mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin and Hebei. In addition, it is also produced in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia. Liaoning has the largest output.

② Phellodendron amurense

It is the dry bark of the plant wampee and its variants. It is a slightly curved plate with irregular edges, varying in length and width, about 3-5 mm thick, and most of the emboli have been stripped. The outer surface is dark yellow, flat, with longitudinal lines and brown pores; the inner surface is grayish yellow or yellow. The material is hard and light, easy to break, fracture section is fibrous, flaky split, bright yellow. It tastes bitter and sticky, which can make water yellow. It is better if the film is big, bright yellow and without embolus.

It is mainly produced in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei and Yunnan. In addition, it is also produced in Hunan, Gansu and Guangxi. Sichuan and Guizhou have the largest output.

[chemical constituents] 1

The bark contains berberine, jatrorrhizine, Magnolia alkaloid, phellodendrine, N-methyl maltine, tetrandrine, Dauricine and other alkaloids; in addition, it contains phellodendron, Phellodendron lactone, dictyolide, Phellodendron acid, cyanofluorescic acid, 7-dehydroastigmasterol, β - sitosterol, and campestrol. The root bark contains berberine, jatrorrhizine, phellodendrine and N-methyl maltine. Berberine is also found in wood. The fresh leaves contain phellodendrin, dehydro phellodendrin, dehydro isophellodendrin and isophellodendrin. The dried leaves contain Hyperoside but not Phellodendron.

② Wampee tree

The bark contains berberine, Magnolia alkaloid, phellodendrine, tetrandrine and other alkaloids, as well as lactones, sterols and mucilaginous substances.

③ Clausena glabra

The bark contains tetrahydroberberine, tetrahydropalmatine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, phellodendrine, magnolialine and β - sitosterol.

[pharmacological action] Cortex Phellodendri and Rhizoma Coptidis also contain more berberine, so their pharmacological actions are similar. Please refer to "Rhizoma Coptidis". But the content is lower than Coptis, and contains other components, the effect is also different.

① Antibacterial action

Berberine is the effective antibacterial component of Phellodendron amurense. In vitro test was effective on Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, diphtheria, Streptococcus viridis, dysentery (except sonnei's), almost ineffective on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, and effective on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As far as crude drugs are concerned, the antibacterial effect of Coptis chinensis is twice as strong as that of Phellodendron chinense. It has no direct inhibitory effect on H37Rv and Mycobacterium avium, but it can reduce the number of bacteria, or has antibacterial effect at a very high concentration (1 / 100), but some reports have obtained good results. When guinea pigs were inoculated with Mycobacterium hominis for experimental treatment, the effect of oral administration or injection was very poor. The hydrochloric acid crystal extracted from Phellodendron amurense can be injected intramuscularly into the guinea pigs inoculated with bovine tuberculosis. It is said that Phellodendron amurense has improved the clinical symptoms and X-ray examination of tuberculosis patients, and is better than Coptis chinensis.

The extracts of Phellodendron amurense have different degrees of bacteriostasis to fungi. Its decoction can also kill Leptospira (the dosage should be twice as large as Coptis chinensis). It also has weak effect on Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.

② Antihypertensive effect

Conclusion: Cortex Phellodendri can produce significant and lasting hypotensive effect on anesthetized animals by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. The effect of carotid artery injection is stronger than that of intravenous injection, so the hypotensive effect may be central. The tertiary amine compound named sirolipin, synthesized by changing the quaternary ammonium type of phellodendrine, can also cause rapid and significant hypotension, and the hypotension disappears when the spinal cord is cut off between cervical vertebrae I and II, thus proving that hypotension is central. In addition, it has a strong anti epinephrine like effect, and inhibits the pressor response induced by carotid artery compression, asphyxia, electrical stimulation of the great splanchnic nerve and the blink contraction response induced by epinephrine injection or electrical stimulation of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. Benzenamine, tolazoline and diuretic can attenuate the hypotensive response.

③ Other functions

The results showed that phellodendrine or chlorpyrine had inhibitory effect on the central nervous system, and the spontaneous activities and various reflexes of mice were inhibited; the high amplitude slow waves could be found in the brain waves of rabbits given chlorpyrine. Phellodendrine has mild curare like effect, and has no effect on the tension of rectus abdominis muscle, but it can inhibit the contractile response induced by acetylcholine. For isolated rabbit intestines, Cortex Phellodendri powder can enhance the amplitude, Cortex Phellodendri ketone can enhance the tension and amplitude, while Cortex Phellodendri lactone can inhibit the intestinal tract. In rabbits with pancreatic fistula, Cortex Phellodendri can promote pancreatic secretion. Phellodendron lactone can reduce the blood glucose of rabbits when it is close to the lethal dose (0.05-0.1 g / kg), but Phellodendron has no such effect. It is said that Phellodendron amurense can protect platelets, which has yet to be confirmed. It was also reported that Phellodendron amurense could kill 62% of larvae (10p.p.m.) and houseflies in 18 hours. In mice, the toxicity of Hemerocallis fulva can be reduced by taking it with Hemerocallis fulva root.

[processing] Cortex Phellodendri: remove impurities, wash with water, remove, moisten, slice, cut into shreds, and dry in the sun. Cortex Phellodendri charcoal: take Cortex Phellodendri slices, stir fry them with fire until the surface is scorched black (but it must be preserved), spray water, take them out to cool and dry. Salt Phellodendron amurense: take Phellodendron amurense slices, spray them with salt water, mix them well, stir fry them in a pot with gentle fire, take them out, cool them and dry them in the air (2.5 kg of salt for each 100 kg of Phellodendron amurense slices, add proper amount of boiling water to dissolve and clarify). Wine Cortex Phellodendri: take Cortex Phellodendri pieces, spray with yellow rice wine, stir fry with salt Cortex Phellodendri method (100 Jin of each Cortex Phellodendri piece, 10 jin of yellow rice wine).

"Lei Gong Paozhi Lun" says: "all envoys (Phellodendron amurense) should be peeled with a knife, soaked in raw honey for half a day, dried in the sun, coated with honey, and roasted with gentle and martial fire. Five taels of practice, three taels of honey. "

Bitter, cold.

① Ben Jing: "it tastes bitter and cold. "

② Bielu: "non toxic. "

③ "Pinglun": on the nature of drugs. "

④ Pearl bag: "bitter and bitter. "

[channel tropism] entering kidney and bladder channels.

① Tangye materia medica: "the medicine for guiding the meridian of the Great Yang Meridian of the foot, the medicine for guiding the meridian of the little Yin meridian of the foot. "

② Introduction to medicine