Du Zhen

Du Zhen

Du Zhen (1633-1703), named Zhaoyu and named Xu Zhen, was born in Xiushui County, Jiaxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province (now Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province). He was a political figure and Jinshi of the Qing Dynasty.

Shunzhi 15 years, ascended Jinshi, changed Shu Jishi. In the 18th year of Shunzhi, he was the editor of Hanlin Academy. Later, he served as secretary of the hospital. In the eighth year of Kangxi's reign, he was the official examiner of Henan provincial examination, the Secretary of Guozijian, and the Bachelor of Hanlin Academy. In the 13th year of Kangxi, he was a cabinet bachelor. In the 15th year of Kangxi, he served as the right servant of the Ministry of rites. The next year, he served as the right servant of the Ministry of officials. In the 20th year of Kangxi's reign, he served as the right servant of the Ministry of punishment and the left servant of the Ministry of punishment. The next year, he served as the official left Shilang, martial arts examination examiner. In the 23rd year of Kangxi, he was appointed Minister of the Ministry of industry. In the 28th year of Kangxi, he was appointed Minister of the Ministry of punishment. In the 30 years of Kangxi, he served as Minister of the military department. In the 33rd year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, he was appointed as the official examiner of the general examination. In the 38th year of Kangxi's reign, he served as Minister of rites.

Life of the characters

In 1683, Shi Lang, commander-in-chief of the Fujian Navy, led the army to pacify Taiwan. ZHENG Ke Long descended to the Qing Dynasty and unified the whole country. The Qing government officially ordered the opening of the overseas trade which had been closed for more than 20 years, and revoked the order of moving the border. Therefore, Du Zhen, Minister of the Ministry of industry, and Shi Zhu, a Bachelor of the cabinet, were appointed as Imperial Envoys to inspect the coastal border between Guangdong and Fujian. There are four tasks in this tour: "one is to return the people to the coastal areas; the other is to return the people to the inland from the border camp; the other is to remove the people from the coastal areas to catch fresh and boiled salt; the third is to relax the ban; the story: Zhili Tianjin Wei, Shandong Dengzhou Fu, Jiangnan Yuntai Mountain, Zhejiang Ningbo Fu, Fujian Zhangzhou Fu, Guangdong Aomen all went abroad to ban the sea We should consider whether it is feasible or not The tour started in November of the 22nd year of Kangxi and ended in May of the 23rd year of Kangxi, which lasted for half a year. Among them, the inspection tour of Macao began in February and ended in March. In addition to the two Imperial Envoys of the Qing government, Wu xingzuo, governor of Guangdong and Guangdong, and Li Shizhen, governor of Guangdong, accompanied the inspectors.

The main contents of this visit to Macao are kept in Volume 2 of a brief survey of Guangdong and Fujian by Du Zhen. Due to Du Zhen's careful observation and detailed records, the materials he left have become the first authoritative and detailed Chinese materials for us to study the history of Macao in the Qing Dynasty.

A survey of Guangdong and Fujian

one

The records of Macao in the book a survey of Guangdong and Fujian first introduces the geography and military facilities of Macao and its surrounding areas

Yiwei, Dengao in the two fortresses, open view of Hainan Xingsheng. Gaixiangshan is located in the south of Guangdong Province. It is surrounded by four tides. Sengong is an island. Aomen town is also located in the south of qianshanzhai. It is called haojing'ao, also known as xiangshan'ao. It is shaped like a Ganoderma lucidum, 20 Li wide and half long. Due north of a stone, ridge across the sea, and belongs to the front village, wide more than ten Zhang, long six li, such as the stem of Zhi. The ridge and the village belong to each other. The gate is built to guard it. It is called Guizi pass. There is a festival for opening and closing. There are more than one thousand people living in the island. When the natives came out, the officials stopped them, and the Yi people were not allowed to enter. However, the food of Ao people was given to the mainland, and the natives often swaddled the market before the pass. Although there was a fort in AOZHONG, there was no garrison, and the barbarians were defending themselves. In the East, the cannons were called big cannons, with 26 cannons. The largest one weighed ten thousand catties; the second one weighed nine thousand seven hundred catties; the third one weighed five thousand catties; the fifth one weighed four thousand seven hundred catties; the third one weighed four thousand five hundred catties. In the west is the Wangyang fort. There are ten cannons. The big one weighs five thousand catties, the second one weighs four thousand five hundred catties, and the small one weighs three thousand eight hundred catties. The thief stood on the stage dozens of miles away with a distant mirror. His sails, weapons, armor, and colors were all smashed, so he did not dare to approach. Since the pirates, Aomen has not been damaged. In the eighth year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, it was proposed that all the foreigners should be expelled, but the death was fruitless. So far, they have lived in peace.

From Ao to the south, the sea is ten li for the cross gate, mountains such as two eyebrows row, and que its center. And South ten li for small Hengqin, appropriate gap. In the South and the west is dahengqin, which is also a serious case. From Ao to the west, the sea distance of 20 Li is Sanzao island. Twenty miles to the west is the capital of Huangliang. From Ao to the East, the sea distance of 30 Li is Yongkou. Another 20 Li is the flag and standard. There are Jiaomen, Huangjiao, Tanzhou village islands in the northeast of Ao. Shawei and Beishan are in the north of the area, separated by one water. Although the islands are the capital of the province, zhouluohuanza and Aomen live alone in them, which is like lotus.

As early as Du Zhen's record of the geographical shape of Macao, there were winners in the Ming Dynasty, but most of them were general. This is the first time for Du Zhen to observe and record carefully. Du Zhen's detailed investigation of the geographical situation of Macao was obviously for the purpose of military prevention. On the one hand, the Qing government wanted to open up Macao's foreign trade, on the other hand, it also had to strengthen its military defense against Macao, which was probably one of Du Zhen's missions to visit Macao.

The records of Macao fort are more detailed. He saw two fort, one is "big fort". Big fort, commonly known as Sanba fort, Portuguese name St. Paul's fort, is located at the top of the central Macao Peninsula. The fort was built in 1619. According to the Portuguese records in 1635, there are 18 guns in the fort, all of which are bronze guns. In 1684, Du Zhen saw 26 cannons. In the brief account of Macao written by Emperor Qianlong, he said: "the largest one is Sanba fort, 28 cannons.". The first collection of Chihai, which was written in Daoguang's time, is also called: "the biggest one is Sanba fort, with 28 cannons.". According to the materials of the 1880s, the fort has 31 gun positions. Although the data of artillery positions in various books are different, they are not contradictory, which can just reflect the development of the expansion of the big fort in various periods. However, the weight of the 26 cannons in Duwen's account is missing in many books. "A brief account of Macao" only states: "its large bronze ware weighs 3000 Jin, more than 10 circumference, and is about two Zhang long.". "The first collection of Chihai" is also known as: "the largest one weighs 3000 Jin and is two Zhang long.". However, the biggest gun Du Wen carried weighed 10000 Jin, the second was 9700 Jin, and the smallest was 4500 Jin. The data gap is very big, whether it is credible or not. According to Li Zhizao at the end of the Ming Dynasty: "its (Macao) blunderbuss are bigger than ten feet long Each gun weighs about three or five thousand jin. General guns weigh "three or five thousand catties". It should be believable to make some special guns as Macao's defensive weapons. According to Dewen, he personally went to the fort to see it one by one, so every gun has a weight record, so there should be no error. Then why was the weight of the big fort not as heavy as Du Zhen saw when he arrived at Daoguang of Qianlong? It is likely that the latter's observation was based on general rumors and did not go to the site for investigation, so it was said that it was an approximate number. It is also possible that the Portuguese had transported these heavyweight cannons away, sold or offered them (there are records in Portuguese that they contributed Macao cannons to the Portuguese king) and transported them to other places.

The "Wang Yang fort" mentioned by Du Wen should be called "Wang Yang fort", because it is called "Xi", so it should refer to Macao's West Wang Yang Shan fort. Looking west at Yangshan fort, the Portuguese name of San Francisco Fort (SAM Francisco), was built in the early 17th century. In 1635, there were six bronze cannons in the fort. By the time Du Zhen saw them, they had increased to 11, including six 5000 Jin, two 4500 Jin and three 3800 Jin. It can be seen that at the end of the 17th century, the construction of Macao Fort had a great development compared with that at the beginning of the 17th century. The detailed information of Macao Fort preserved by Du Wen provides valuable materials for us to study the history of Macao gun making. Unfortunately, he did not inspect all the fort sites in Macao, but only recorded two of them.

Du Wen also said: "in the eighth year of the reign of Kangxi, it was proposed that all the foreigners should be expelled, but the death was fruitless. So far, they have lived in peace as before." In the third year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, after Yang Guangxian falsely accused Tang ruowang of "Treason", the Ministry of rites and the Ministry of arms proposed to expel the "Australian barbarians" back to China. Although the Qing government did not adopt this proposal, it ordered Macao Portuguese to move into the mainland as a whole. This proposal was not carried out under the heavy bribe of Macao Portuguese. The Portuguese government allowed them to stay in Macao for seven years. But Du Zhen said in this book that in the eighth year of Kangxi, someone proposed the motion of expelling Macao Portuguese. In the eighth year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Du Zhen was a close official in the palace. However, it is not recorded in the eighth year of Kangxi. Why did Kangxi just order the Portuguese to live in Macao in the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi, and in the eighth year of Emperor Kangxi proposed to drive the Portuguese out of Macao? Although it is not successful, there must be reasons, which need to be proved by other documents.

two

In the second part, Du Zhen narrates the process of Portuguese entering Macao and his policy towards Macao Portuguese in the early Qing Dynasty

It has been a long time since the people of various kingdoms lived in Guangdong Province. The pagoda of Huaisheng temple, the provincial capital, was built in the Tang Dynasty. It was sixteen feet long. Song Yujing also said that under Guangdong and Taiwan, Hu Jia lived together, so we can't determine where it came from. Today, many foreigners in Aomen speak of themselves as Atlantic people. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Matteo Ricci began to enter China. Seeing that the atmosphere of Aomen was solid, he invited people to live in that country, so as to plan for the exchange market. He was skillful in thinking and making utensils. He was also able to live, and the literati and bureaucrats were happy to be close to each other. At the beginning of the year, he received 500 yuan of land tax per year. In this dynasty, the virtue of being broad, gentle and distant was that the country was rich all over the world. How could it be compared with a drop in the granary. Du Zhen was obviously wrong about the Portuguese's entry into Macao. When Matteo Ricci entered China, he invited people to live in that country, which may be due to hearsay. Matteo Ricci arrived in Macao in the ninth year of Wanli, but the Portuguese entered Macao in the reign of Jiajing, which proved that his theory was wrong.

Du Wen said: "he is skillful in thinking, good at making utensils, and also able to manage the calendar. The literati are happy and close to each other.". This is a general reference to the Europeans who came to China from Macao. Making utensils and practicing calendars is the introduction of modern western science into China. There are many records in various literatures. After Wanli of Ming Dynasty, Western missionaries preached in the mainland of China, many literati and bureaucrats had close contacts with them, such as Xu Guangqi, Li Zhizao, Yang Tingyun and so on