Yuan Renzong

Aiyulibalibada

Ren Zong of Yuan Dynasty

(April 9, 1285 to March 1, 1320), the fourth emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (April 7, 1311 to March 1, 1320), and the eighth Khan of the Mongolian Empire. He was the grandson of Yuanyu Zong Zhenjin, the son of Yuanshun Zong Dala mabala, and the younger brother of Yuanwu Zong Haishan.

Renzong of Yuan Dynasty studied Confucian classics from Li Meng in his early years. He was proficient in Confucianism and devoted himself to interpreting classics. Dade nine years (1305), living in huaizhou, after his brother Haishan ascended the throne. After emperor Wuzong ascended the throne, he was granted the title of crown prince. He met his elder brother and nephew. At the time of emperor Wuzong's death, he became an heir and was named huangqinghe Yanyou.

During the reign of emperor Renzong of Yuan Dynasty, he vigorously carried out reform, employed Han literati, reduced redundant personnel, rectified the government, implemented the imperial examination system, implemented the policy of "ruling the country by Confucianism", and revived the Yuan Dynasty. After his death, he did not pass on the throne of Wu Zong's son and Shi Yu, but passed on the throne of yuan Yingzong's son shuodebala.

Renzong reigned for nine years in Yuan Dynasty. He was 35 years old. His temple name was Renzong. His posthumous title was Emperor Shengwen qinxiao. His Mongolian name was puyandu Khan.

Life of the characters

Help brother ascend the throne

Born on April 9, the 22nd year of Zhiyuan (April 9, 1285), the great grandson of emperor Shizu of Yuan Dynasty, the second son of Prince Zhenjin, the second son of dalama, the second son of dalama, the nephew of yuan Chengzong, and the mother of Empress Dowager Hongjila Daji. Renzong had been familiar with Confucian books since he was a child, and devoted himself to the interpretation of classics. He once ordered Wang Yue and others to translate Da Xue Yan Yi into Mongolian, and gave it to his ministers, saying, "this book is enough to govern the world." He translated Zhenguan Zhengyao and Zizhi Tongjian into Mongolian and made Mongolian and Semu people recite them. Then he sent troops to the northwest and defeated Chagatai. Wang did not spend any money.

In his early years, he studied Confucian classics from Li Meng. Dade nine years (1305), living in huaizhou. In the 11th year, Chengzong collapsed and went back to the capital with his mother. Most of them went to mourn. They conspired with halahasun, the right prime minister, to punish Ananda, the independent king of Anxi, and ahutai, the left Prime Minister of Zhongshu. They supported Wang Haishan, Huaining, the eldest brother in the north of Tongjun, as emperor. They were emperor Wuzong of Yuan Dynasty. After Wu Zong ascended the throne, he was made the crown prince (actually the crown prince's younger brother). He led the provincial council and the Privy Council. He met his elder brother, his younger brother, and his nephew. After benevolence master from Prince Zhan about guidance, Wang about repeatedly advised not to show his edge, eventually became benevolent government.

On the throne

In the first month of the fourth year of Zhida (1311), Wuzong collapsed, and the crown prince Aiyu libalibada succeeded to the throne. His name was puyanduhan, which was Renzong of Yuan Dynasty. After that, he carried out the reform in a big way. In order to change the declining trend of Chengwu and Wuzong, we should abolish Shangshu Province, abolish Zhongdu, stop Zhida silver banknote, use Han literati, reduce redundant personnel, rectify the government and change the declining trend of Chengwu and Wuzong.

In the first year of Huangqing (1312), Renzong appointed Wang Yue to be a great master of Jixian, and proposed that he should "write for Lingjia" in order to promote the imperial examination. In October of 1313, Emperor Renzong asked for the imperial examination. On November 18 (December 6, 1313), Emperor Renzong of the Yuan Dynasty issued an edict to resume the imperial examination. In the first year of Yanyou (1314), on August 20 of the lunar calendar, the national rural examination was held, and a total of 300 people were enrolled. In the second year of Yanyou (1315), in the second lunar month, 300 people who passed the local examination held the imperial examination in the capital city. On the seventh lunar month, 100 people who won the imperial examination held the palace examination in the capital city's imperial palace. In the end, 56 people, including Hu Du da'er and Zhang Qi Yan, were recruited as Jinshi. The imperial examination imitated the old system of Tang and Song Dynasties, respected Zhu Xi's learning, and was called "Yan you Fu Ke" in history. After the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Jin and Song Dynasties, the imperial examination was abandoned. "Yan you Fu Ke" was 36 years away from the death of Song Dynasty and 81 years away from the death of Jin Dynasty. The Han Scholars regained their normal way of promotion. Ethnic conflicts have eased.

In the first year of Yanyou (1314), land property registration was carried out in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan and other places to check the acreage of land in order to increase the national tax revenue. However, when the first year of Yanyou (1314) was officially implemented by the manager in October, many rich people bribed the officials to conceal the land property, while many poor farmers and rich people with land were arbitrarily increased by the officials The peasants suffered a lot, and eventually led to the CAI May 9th uprising in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province in 1315. Although it was pacified in two months, yuan Renzong had to stop the management because of the situation, and reduced the tax on the hidden land. It ended in failure. It is known as "manager Yanyou" in history.

The problem of inheritance

When Emperor Wuzong ascended the throne, he took Renzong as his master and brother as his reserve. He invited his brothers to attack each other, and his nephews and uncles came one after another. However, after Renzong ascended the throne, it was difficult to make a decision between his sons and nephews. The Empress Dowager answered himself, and the powerful minister Tiemu Dier also advised Renzong to pass on the throne to his son. Finally, in November of the second year of Yanyou (1315), Wu Zong's eldest son and Shi Yu were granted the title of king of Zhou. In March of the next year, they were moved to Yunnan. On the way, Wu Zong's old ministers tried to rebel against him, but failed. King of Zhou fled Jinshan.

In December of the third year of Yanyou (1316), Renzong made his son shuodebala the crown prince, breaking the oath handed down by his uncle and nephew. However, this practice led to 20 years of political chaos and court struggle in the Yuan Dynasty.

He died of serious illness

In the first month of the seventh year of Yanyou (1320), Emperor Renzong of Yuan Dynasty, Aiyu Liba, collapsed in the Guangtian palace of Dadu. At the age of 35, he was buried in niangu. In March of the same year, shuodebala, the successor of Yuanying Zong, was named emperor Shengwen qinxiao and Renzong.

Political initiatives

Resume the imperial examination

Aiyu libalibada, a Confucian bureaucrat, was an important measure for him to reform the system of Yuan Dynasty. The main reason why the Confucians did not play an important role in the Yuan Dynasty was that they did not regard their knowledge as the basic standard of by election. Most high-ranking officials are selected according to their family background (through the privilege of inheriting and inheriting Yin, which means that they are demoted to inherit the official position of their parents), while most middle and lower ranking officials are appointed by officials. The result is that most of the officials have not received Confucian education and do not have the political inclination of Confucianism.

In order to improve the education level of those who passed the Chengyin examination, in 1311, an imperial edict was issued, which stipulated that Chengyin, the son of Han officials, should pass the examination once he had passed the history examination, and those who passed the examination should take up the post directly without probation. The descendants of Heseme officials in Mongolia can choose to take the examination, and those who pass the examination are one grade higher than the original positions. It may be that in order to reduce the competition among Confucian officials, the highest positions of officials who were born as petty officials in local institutions were reduced from four grade officials to five grade officials. Aiyu libalibada also restored the imperial examination system.

The imperial examination was the main way for the Central Plains Dynasty to select the ruling elites, so in Kublai Khan's Dynasty, there was a constant debate about the resumption of the examination, but there was no actual action. There are two reasons for disagreement on resuming the imperial examination. First, because the yuan court mainly relied on the inheritance system to supplement the official team, the adoption of the examination system would damage the inheritance and privilege of the Mongolian, Semu and even Han noble families. Second, there are totally different views on whether examination is an effective system to supplement elites and what subjects should be adopted among the Han Dynasty officials. One group agreed to adopt the examination subjects of Song Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, focusing on literature and Confucian classics. Influenced by Zhu Xi's views on the examination system, Neo Confucianists opposed this view and advocated removing literature from subjects and paying attention to important classics and quizzing examinations. The imperial examination never recovered.

After Aiyu libalibada ascended the throne, the situation changed. In order to improve the level of officials and comply with the emperor's wishes, more and more people asked to resume the imperial examination. At this time, because Neo Confucianism had already gained an advantage in the official circle of the yuan court, the plan proposed by the former Neo Confucianism was adopted almost without any opposition.

In 1313, the imperial edict was issued and the new examination system was implemented for the first time in the following two years. It also designated the four books annotated by Zhu Xi as the standard book for all the participants, and the five classics annotated by Zhu Xi and other Song Confucians as the standard book for the additional subjects of Han people. This change helps to determine the status of Neo Confucianism as a national orthodox theory, which has historical significance beyond the Yuan Dynasty itself, and has been basically followed by the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In addition, the new examination system also reflects the unique characteristics of the multi-ethnic society under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. Under the new system, the examination of Mongolians and Semu people is not only simpler than that of Han people and southerners, but also enjoy "equal seats" under the racial system. According to the division of four people, each person has 75 places. In addition, in order not to damage the inheritance privileges of the old aristocratic families and disturb the existing bureaucratic system, the number of candidates for the palace entrance examination was controlled at a lower level, with no more than 100 candidates per examination. Since then, the yuan court held 16 examinations, and 1139 people won the examination.

It is of cultural, social and political significance for Aiyu libalibada to resume the imperial examination system. Taking Confucianism as the standard of selecting elite provides a normal way for Han Scholars to become officials. This was beneficial to the scholars in Jiangnan, because they were mostly excluded from officialdom at that time. In addition, the examination system also encouraged the Mongolians and Semu people to learn Sinology, especially those who did not belong to noble families, and thus accelerated the Sinicization of the conquerors.

Codification

The compilation of the code is another field in which Aiyu libalibada reformed the system of Yuan Dynasty and produced the expected results. It may be because of the insurmountable difficulties in establishing a unified code in a multicultural society, or because the ruling elites of Mongolia thought that the unified code would limit their power, so they took an attitude of opposition. The yuan court never formulated a standard code that prevailed throughout the country. The lack of the code caused great anxiety among the Han officials, and they carried on the investigation