Hu Feng
Hu Feng
Hu Feng (1902-1985), male, formerly known as Zhang Guangren, pseudonyms Gu Fei, Gao Huang, Zhang Guo, etc. He is from Qichun, Hubei Province. Modern literary theorists, poets and literary translators. He studied in Wuchang and Nanjing middle schools since 1920. In 1929, he went to Tokyo, Japan, and entered the English Department of Keio University. He was deported in 1933. In 1934, he married Mei Zhi, a young writer.
Since 1949, he has been a member of the China Federation of literary and art circles, a member of the Chinese Writers Association, and a deputy to the first National People's Congress. During this period, he wrote a long lyric poem time begins, a feature collection with new characters, and a short essay from the source to the torrent. From 1953 to 1954, he was the editorial board member of people's literature and a member of the presidium of the Chinese Writers Association.
Life of the characters
Since 1920, he studied in Wuchang and Nanjing middle schools, during which he began to contact with the new literature works of the May 4th movement. He entered Peking University in 1925, and changed to English Department of Tsinghua University one year later. Soon he dropped out of school and returned to his hometown to take part in revolutionary activities. He went to Japan to study in 1929. He was deported in 1933 for organizing Anti Japanese cultural groups among students studying in Japan. When he returned to Shanghai, he served as the propaganda minister and administrative secretary of the left wing writers' League of China. He was framed by Zhou Yang. However, Lu Xun appreciated Hu Feng's character and academic thought very much, and had a close relationship with Lu Xun. in 1935, the secret series "sawdust collection". The following year, he co edited the literary magazine Haiyan, whose article "what do the people want from literature?"? 》He put forward the slogan of "popular literature of national revolutionary war", which caused the controversy of "Two Slogans". After the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, he edited July magazine, published July poems and July essays, and cultivated new literary talents, which played an important role in the formation and development of July School in the history of modern literature. He once served as a member of the Standing Committee and director of the research unit of the all China Anti Japanese Association of literary and art circles, and worked in Hankou, Chongqing, Hong Kong, Guilin and other places to engage in Anti Japanese literary and art activities. After the South Anhui Incident in January 1941, July was forced to stop publication. He edited another literary magazine, hope. Shu Wu's "on subjectivity" and his own "in the struggle for democracy" were published in the inaugural issue, which caused controversy about "subjectivity" and criticism of his literary thought. In July 1949, at the first National Congress of literary and artistic workers, Hu Feng was elected a member of the Federation of literary and art circles and a member of the Standing Committee of the writers' Association. He wrote the lyric poem time begins! 》Hail the founding of new China. He was also a member of people's literature. On June 8, 1952, the people's daily reprinted Shu Wu's article "learning from the beginning" the speech at the Yan'an Forum on literature and art, and pointed out in the "editor's note" that Hu Feng's literary thought "is a kind of individualistic literary thought that essentially belongs to the bourgeoisie and petty Bourgeoisie". In July 1954, Hu Feng submitted to the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee a report on the practice of literature and art in recent years (i.e. "300000 words"), refuting the criticism of Hu Feng in Shu Wu's article "learning from scratch" at the Yan'an Forum on literature and art "and" editor's note "reprinted by people's daily on June 8, 1952. On May 16, 1955, two days before the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress officially made the decision to approve the arrest, Hu Feng was arrested at home by the Ministry of public security. The Beijing Higher People's court sentenced him to 14 years in prison. At the end of December 1965, Hu Feng was released from Qincheng prison. After the Spring Festival, I left Beijing for Chengdu, Sichuan. At the beginning of the "Cultural Revolution", Hu Feng and his wife were sent to the Miaoxi reform through labor farm in Lushan County, west of Chengdu, to supervise their work. In November 1967, Hu Feng was jailed again. In January 1970, Hu Feng was sentenced to life imprisonment by the Sichuan Provincial Revolutionary Committee for the charges of "writing reactionary poems" and "writing reactionary poems on Chairman Mao's portrait" (actually writing poems in the blank space of the newspaper). In 1978, Hu Feng was released from prison. In September 1980, the Central Committee concluded that the so-called "Hu Feng counter revolutionary group" case was a wrong case. After the rehabilitation, Hu Feng served as a member of the Standing Committee of the fifth and sixth CPPCC National Committee, a member of the National Committee of the China Federation of literary and art circles, a consultant to the Chinese Writers Association, and a consultant to the Chinese Academy of Arts. Hu Feng died of illness on June 8, 1985 at the age of 83. On June 18, 1988, the general office of the CPC Central Committee issued the supplementary notice on further vindicating Comrade Hu Feng, which further clarified this historical unjust case.
Unjust case
cause
Hu Feng's theoretical criticism involves many styles, works of Chinese and foreign writers, and theoretical problems in the May 4th New Literature movement, but the center is around the principles, practice and development of realism. For a long time, there have been different opinions on some of Hu Feng's theories. There have been criticisms and debates. Hu Feng insisted on his own views and made counter criticism. In July 1954, Hu Feng sent a 300000 word long report to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, that is, the report on the practice of literature and art since liberation, in which he expressed his opinions on the issue of literature and art. In his report, he pointed out that since 1949, Chinese culture has not been built on the principles of Mao Zedong and the party, and Mao Zedong and the party's instructions have been distorted by a few cultural officials. He criticized these officials for forcing writers to only go deep into the lives of workers, peasants and soldiers. Before writing, they should learn Marxism Leninism, only use national forms, only emphasize the "bright side" and ignore the "behind" and the dark side. He asserted that such works were untrue. He also suggested that writers should transform themselves according to their own needs, rather than let officials transform themselves. He also advocated that seven or eight magazines should be organized by writers themselves to replace the few official magazines in order to promote diversity.
after
On June 8, 1952, under the instruction of Zhou Yang, the then Minister of culture, the people's daily transferred Shu Wu's article "learning from the beginning the speech at the Yan'an Forum on literature and art", and pointed out in the editor's note that Hu Feng's literary and artistic thought "is a kind of individualistic literary and artistic thought belonging to the bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie in essence". In 1953, Wen Yi Bao published Lin Mohan and He Qifang's articles to the public criticism of Hu Feng's opinion. Although the atmosphere of political struggle became more and more intense, it was still limited to the scope of ideological theory and criticized the theoretical object with theoretical weapons. Moreover, some responsible comrades affirmed Hu Feng's political performance in their articles. On January 20, 1955, the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee submitted a report on criticizing Hu Feng's thoughts to the CPC Central Committee. On the 26th, the Central Committee issued a report by the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee, pointing out that Hu Feng "dressed in the guise of Marxism, waged a long-term struggle against the party and the people, and deceived some writers and readers. Therefore, he must be thoroughly criticized.". Since February, various localities have held symposiums and seminars among literary and art circles, college teachers and students to criticize Hu Feng's thoughts. People's daily, literature and art daily, Guangming Daily and other newspapers published articles one after another. The China Federation of literary and art circles and the China Writers' Association also held many activities to criticize Hu Feng's thought. On May 13, 1955, the people's Daily published some materials about Hu Feng's anti Party group. The editor's note pointed out: "how Hu Feng and his anti party and anti people Literary and art group have long been hostile, hostile and hateful to the Communist Party of China and non party progressive writers." As a result, Hu Feng and others were beaten into "anti party clique", and the whole country immediately launched a campaign to denounce "Hu Feng anti party clique". On May 18, 1955, with the approval of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Hu Feng was arrested. Mei Zhi (Mrs. Hu Feng) was also arrested. On May 25, the enlarged joint meeting of the presidium of the all China Federation of literary and art circles and the presidium of the writers' Association adopted a resolution to expel Hu Feng from the membership of the Chinese writers' Association and remove him from his posts as a director of the writers' Association, a member of the Federation of literary and art circles and an editorial board member of the people's literature. Since June, the whole country has launched the movement of exposing, criticizing and checking the "Hu Feng counter revolutionary group". More than 2100 people were implicated, including 92 arrested, 62 quarantined and 73 suspended for self-examination. Hu Feng himself was sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment in 1965 and life imprisonment in 1969, which resulted in a major case of injustice. Hu Feng went on a hunger strike in prison, demanding a press conference and a trial in accordance with legal procedures, but it was impossible under the circumstances at that time.
Vindication
The first vindication
in December 1978, after the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China thoroughly corrected this wrong case and restored the reputation of Hu Feng and others. Hu Feng was released in 1979. Since then, he has been a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese people's Political Consultative Conference, a member of the fourth session of the China Federation of literary and art circles, and a consultant of the China Writers' Association. He died in Beijing on June 8, 1985. On September 22, 1980, Zhou Yang, who was still the leader of the literary and art circles after the "Cultural Revolution", came back to see Hu Feng and brought the central documents to vindicate the "Hu Feng counter revolutionary group". However, many of Hu Feng's literary and art thoughts and propositions were wrong, which was the manifestation of the petty bourgeois individualism and idealism world outlook. "The combination of Hu Feng and a few other comrades was of petty bourgeois In addition, Hu Feng held the so-called "reactionary post" in the 1920s, wrote "anti Communist articles" and "carried out counter revolutionary propaganda and agitation" and other political and historical "problems" are preserved. Naturally, Hu Feng could not accept these false claims. At that time, he did not sign the vindication document. one
Chinese PinYin : Hu Feng
Hu Feng
