twice president of the republican government at Peking
Li Yuanhong (October 19, 1864 - June 3, 1928), formerly known as Bingjing and named Songqing, was born in Huangpi, Hubei Province, so he was called "Li Huangpi". He was the first vice president and the second president of the Republic of China. He has lived in Xixiang, county, Dongxiang and BEIXIANG of Huangpi, Hubei Province.
In 1883, he entered Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy and was promoted to commander of the 21st army in 1906. In 1911, after the Wuchang Uprising, the revolutionaries forced him to be the governor of Hubei. In January 1912, the provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing. Li Yuanhong was elected vice president and governor of Hubei Province. In 1913, he supported Yuan Shikai to suppress the second revolution. In October of the same year, Yuan Shikai and Li Yuanhong became president and vice president respectively. Li Yuanhong also supported Yuan Shikai in dissolving the parliament, destroying the provisional constitution of the Republic of China and concurrently serving as the president of the Senate. Later, Yuan Shikai forced Li Yuanhong to go to Beijing, where he was placed in Yingtai and married with him to control him. In 1915, Yuan Shikai restored the monarchy and canonized Li Yuanhong as "Prince of Wuyi". In June 1916, after the death of Yuan Shikai, Li Yuanhong succeeded the president, announced the resumption of the treaty and called the Congress. But the actual power was controlled by Duan Qirui, the premier of the State Council and the warlord of Anhui. Li Yuanhong was not willing to be manipulated by Duan, forming a "dispute between the government and the court". Duan Qirui uses Zhang Xun to drive li away, and vice president Feng Guozhang acts as president. In June 1922, the warlords Cao Kun and Wu Peifu expelled Xu Shichang, the president of Anhui Province, and asked Li Yuanhong to resume his post. After Li Yuanhong returned to the presidency, he had no real power.
In June 1923, Li Yuanhong resigned again, quit politics and moved to Tianjin to invest in industry. On June 3, 1928, Li Yuanhong died of cerebral hemorrhage in Tianjin at the age of 65.
Life of the characters
Early military service
Li Yuanhong was born on October 19 (lunar September 19) in the third year of Tongzhi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1864), in shagangling, Dongchang, Mulan Township, Huangpi County, Hanyang Prefecture, Hubei Province. According to historical records, when Li Yuanhong was a child, he was "like a man with lofty moral character and good fortune". The day of Li Yuanhong's birth is the day of Guanyin's becoming a monk in folklore, so he was placed high hopes by his family when he was young. In history, Li was known for his ambition and revolutionary thought. His name, Yuanhong, also has profound meaning. Gaiyin regarded himself as Zhu Hongwu (Zhu Yuanzhang) at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. There is another theory that the Li clan in Huangpi is a member of Hong Xiuquan's family. The surname of Li Yuan Hong was originally Hong, but not Li. Although Lijia is close to the county, it is very desolate around, with numerous farmland and vast wilderness. Except for a few private schools where only the children of wealthy families can afford to teach scriptures, there is no school. Li Yuanhong's family was poor when he was young. His father lived in the countryside and had a hard life. He only planted a few fields. In 1872, Li Yuanhong decided to join the army. When Li Yuanhong was 14 years old, his family moved to Tianjin because he was stationed in Beitang, Tianjin. In 1873, Li Yuanhong studied four books and five classics and composition from Li Yulin, a famous teacher in Tianjin.
In the late Qing Dynasty, Li Yuanhong didn't pursue fame, so he didn't insist on the way of changing his life by traditional education. In the ninth year of Guangxu (1883), Li Yuanhong was admitted to the management and rotation Department of Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy, and began a five-year study of naval knowledge. This was also the beginning of Li Yuanhong's formal New Naval Education. The Beiyang Naval Academy was set up by Li Hongzhang, then governor of Zhili, to cultivate the talents of the Beiyang Navy. It carried out the British Naval Education, and offered courses such as English language, geography, cartography, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, driving, surveying, calculation, heavy learning, chemistry and so on. It also studied the classics, history and literature, and trained foreign naval operations such as guns, torpedoes and machines. After graduation, the students took up their posts The Beiyang navy may send foreign students to study abroad. As a result, Beiyang Naval Academy was highly praised by the people at that time as the first of its kind and the great feat of building the foundation of Chinese warships. Li Yuanhong is good at the technology of marine engine driving, especially interested in engine repair and construction, and has the highest degree of assiduousness in the Naval Academy. Because of his excellent academic performance and outstanding practice performance on the training ship, he was highly praised by teachers and students, and was awarded a special award by the school at the end of the year. In 1888, Li Yuanhong graduated from Tianjin Naval Academy with outstanding achievements. Li Hongzhang, the Minister of Beiyang, awarded him six top-ranking titles and gave him the post of general manager. After that, he was sent to the Beiyang navy to come to the Yuanhao clipper to learn naval skills, including sea lanes, driving, sails, guns, arrays and other training programs.
During his training, Li Yuanhong had a good relationship with his colleagues. In 1890, Li Yuanhong was transferred by Ding Ruchang, the commander of Beiyang Navy, to Guangjia warship in Guangdong Province. He was in charge of inspecting QiongYa, Humen and Shantou. He was also in charge of opening and closing machines, cleaning and maintenance, as well as storing materials and making fires. He was diligent in his work and spent most of his time patrolling the southern coast. In the autumn of the 17th year of Guangxu (1891), Li Yuanhong was promoted from general manager to general manager after being approved by Li Hongzhang, Minister of Beiyang and the Qing government. From the third tube wheel of Guangjia to the second tube wheel. The top reward of the sixth grade is replaced by the top reward of the fifth grade, and only the merit card is received. In 1894, the Sino Japanese war broke out. Li Yuanhong's Guangjia warship was deployed into the Beiyang fleet led by Ding Ruchang. Guangjia warship is a wooden hull with iron ribs. It is usually used for training and torpedoing. Its power is far less than that of the Japanese steel armour warships. It is difficult to resist the fierce naval battle. In the battle of the Yellow Sea on September 17, the Guangjia warship ran aground and was unable to move. In order to avoid the pursuit of the Japanese army, Li Yuanhong jumped into the sea to escape. As a result, Li Yuanhong ended his 12 year naval career and bid farewell to Beiyang Navy.
Hubei new army
After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government realized that it was urgent to adopt the advanced western military technology and system. In order to take precautions, they built military combat readiness and recruited naval talents on a large scale. Zhang Zhidong, governor of the two rivers, organized and trained a self-improvement army in Nanjing, set up a Yancai hall, issued a proclamation and invited naval students. In 1895, Li Yuanhong went to work in Nanjing. When Zhang Zhidong met with Li Yuanhong, he was very happy after consulting his naval experience and the point of view of building fortifications. He believed that Li Yuanhong was a loyal, reliable and capable man, so he entrusted the task of supervising the construction of Shizishan, shogunate, Qingliangshan and Wulongshan Fort projects in Jinling. In the construction of the project, Li Yuanhong personally visited the dangerous construction site, supervised the work diligently and lived in the open. After the completion of the project, he was successively appointed as the general instructor and special station officer of the battery. Zhang Zhidong was a good friend to Li Yuanhong, and he was the guide for Li Yuanhong to enter the power group. He provided Li Yuanhong with a political stage to give full play to his talents.
In 1896, Zhang Zhidong became governor of Huguang. In response to Zhang Zhidong's call, Li Yuanhong returned to his hometown in Hubei, where he was responsible for supervising the production of fast guns. From then on, he ended more than 20 years of life in Beipiao. After Zhang Zhidong arrived in Hubei, he continued to train the new army and strengthen military construction. Because Hubei is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and there are many party members, so more troops should be stationed to allocate funds. On this basis, Li Yuanhong asked the imperial court to transfer 500 people from the former Jiangnan guard battalion, which had been trained in the self strengthening army, to Hubei, and expand them into two battalions, so as to form a Hubei guard army and serve as a model for Hubei's military training. The battalion system of Hubei new army imitated the German military system. Zhang Zhidong took Li Yuanhong as the leader of the rear battalion of the garrison, and made up for Qian Zong in the first place. Later, he took Li Yuanhong as the leader of the horse team. With the change of the situation, Zhang Zhidong believes that Japan and China share the same species, the same education, the same culture and the same customs, and the military reform has achieved initial results. Therefore, if China wants to learn from the military systems of European and American countries, it should first take Japan as the ladder. In 1898, 1899, and 1901, Li Yuanhong, who was appointed by Zhang Zhidong to Hubei Province, went to Japan to study military education and observe the Xiantai parade three times. The contents involved all aspects. Li Yuanhong gradually acted as the local military system reform of the military modernization trend in the late Qing Dynasty We are the pioneers of the world. Every time Li Yuanhong returned home, he wrote down the Japanese military investigation report and submitted it to Zhang Zhidong for review, which aroused Zhang Zhidong's great interest. Li Yuanhong, who returned from his study and investigation, was highly appreciated and relied on by Zhang Zhidong. He was promoted to coach officer of various battalions, and also trained new soldiers, becoming a senior general of Hubei new army.
In the 25th year of Guangxu (1899), Li Yuan Hongde Zhang Zhidong recommended Hou Buqian as the general manager to be the first to make up. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing government began to carry out the new policies in the late Qing Dynasty. Hubei Province took the lead in carrying out the new policies. After Li Yuanhong was ordered to assist in the management of the general green camp and the defense camp, he recruited more recruits and expanded the equipment of the military academy. Under the baptism of Japanese western education, Li Yuanhong's military thoughts began to enter the vision of the highest military decision-making level in Hubei and put into practice. Zhang Zhidong has adopted his military reform suggestions for many times: first, it is stipulated that all soldiers under the jurisdiction of the water and land battalions who have major offenses should be handed over to the law enforcement officer for interrogation and not be killed without permission; second, the military preparation school and the abandoned school of the defense battalion should be merged into the military higher school, and the military ordinary middle school should be set up. The former is a higher military education institution in Zhang Zhidong military school system, while the latter is a secondary military education institution. Martial arts higher education
Chinese PinYin : Li Yuan Hong
twice president of the republican government at Peking