Tao Ru Nai

Tao Ru Nai

Tao Ru NaI (1601-1683), a native of Ningxiang, Hunan Province, was named zhongdiao, Xieyou, Mian and shixinong. In the Ming Dynasty, he became a monk by cutting off his hair, and he was called the lenient Toutuo. Shao Qihui, who is famous for his work, poetry and prose, has a reputation of "three unique ceramics of Chu". The prose is meaningful and elegant, and the Ci Fu is especially skillful. At the beginning of calligraphy, it went to Mi Fu and later to Yan Lugong. He used to make a list of inscriptions in temples, which is still valuable. Chongzhen six (1633) held in the township, 16 years (1643) in the examination of the Deputy list, official Guangdong Jiaoyu. Ming Dynasty (1644) Zhu FA Dayang mountain, No. nentoutuo. He was eighty-three years old.

Life of the characters

The biographies in the draft of Qing history are as follows: Tao Ru Nai

, zhongdiao, Mian, Ningxiang people. He is the best friend with Guo Duxian. At the beginning of Chongzhen period, Gongsheng was born. Emperor Hui was lucky in Taixue, and his officials asked him to restore the integral method of gaohuang. He offered wine to Gu Xichou and recommended Ru naicai. He specially granted the title of "Leshi Taixue". In addition to five features, do not worship, beg to stay in prison. Kuiyou was held in the township, and the Deputy list of the two middle school examinations. After going to the south, he shaved his hair and went to mount Jishan. He is an expert in life, a father and a lifelong admirer. He is filial to his mother, virtuous to his clan party, unjust to others, and hard to take risks. He lives thousands of people, but he doesn't talk to himself. Ancient poems and essays are full of strangeness. They are composed of Guangxi Ya Yuefu, Gu Ji, Ji Yunlou Ji, Wu Yutang Ji and Jia Shutang Ji, all of which are written in order. There is a saying of "living in the same place, growing up as a classmate, and being a comrade in need".

Related events

Tao Ru Nai originally only wanted to be a scholar far away from the river and lake. He did not care about politics and enjoyed reading all day long. However, under the great social changes during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the mountains and rivers were broken and the family business was scattered. Tao Ru Nai had to go out of his study and take part in the anti Qing activities all over the country at that time. When the Hongguang regime was established in Nanjing, he was recommended as the supervisor of he Tengjiao. After the fall of Nanjing and the fall of Hongguang regime, he transferred to Guangxi and took part in the Yongli regime, which was reviewed by the Imperial Academy. However, the corrupt Ming government was greedy for pleasure and did nothing, and eventually could not escape the death. There was no hope of restoring the country, so Tao Ru Nai could only return to seclusion again. In 1653, he was implicated and sentenced to death for treason. Fortunately, my friends tried their best to save him from death, but he was still imprisoned for more than a year before he was released. In his later years, he shaved his hair as a monk and called himself lentoutuo. In order to escape the rivers and lakes, the counties once recommended "Seclusion" and refused to be an official.

Contribution Summary

When he was young, he once joined the Fu society. He was brilliant, excellent in poetry and calligraphy. He was famous all over the world and was known as the "three wonders of Chu pottery" at that time. His works include Guangxi Ya Le Fu, Chou Gu Ji, Ji Yun Lou Ji, Wu Yu Tang Ji, Jia Shu Tang Ji, etc. In addition, there are 36 volumes of rongmutang anthology and rongmutang poetry anthology, which have been handed down to this day. There is a biography in volume 501 of the draft of Qing history. Most of his poems are full of feelings about the rise and fall of his life, and his works are full of emotion and emotion. For example, the poem "June 5 in Baishui" reads: "here is Yumao house, adjacent to diaoji. The village incense blows to the shore, and the bamboo powder cloths. The wild is vast, the people are expensive, the soldiers are deep, and the life of things is small. I'm surprised when I'm at leisure. I'll forget to go home. " "To let go of those who are in trouble with others" says: "how can it be done to reclaim the sea and move mountains. Ten years of chaos, each wind and rain, a total of life and death. Liaohe suddenly came to the city, and the dead trees went to the river. I don't want to lose my strength. I want to fish and cultivate well in my cassock. " They all wrote about the social unrest and the floating state of people's mind in the early Qing Dynasty, and showed very painful feelings between the words.

Appreciation of excellent works

Most of his articles are related to the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, recalling the past and thinking about the present, and his writing style is full of momentum. Rongmutang anthology consists of 12 volumes, so the earliest edition we can see is the one in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. Volume 1 is about Lun, CE and CI made by the people of the dynasty, Volume 2 to volume 4 are about preface, Volume 5 is about Zhi, Volume 6 is about inscriptions, Volume 7 is about travels, Volume 8 is about biographies, Volume 9 is about postscripts, Volume 10 is about inspirations, Volume 11 is about sacrificial rites and epitaphs, Volume 12 is about miscellaneous works. The author is not a person who cares about the current politics. After entering the Qing Dynasty, although he became a hermit, he did not continue to fight against the Qing Dynasty. Instead, he was content with the status quo. Therefore, unlike the works of most Ming Dynasty adherents at that time, the anthology is not full of obvious satirical and resentful words against the rule of Qing Dynasty. On the contrary, some articles also show praise for the Qing Dynasty. For example, Volume 4 of the preface to the newly revised Changsha official records states that the rulers of the Qing Dynasty made "the world chaos and restoration, the land crisis and restoration, the loss of politics and religion and restoration, such as the trip to the sea to see Chengji again.". Good luck

Anecdotes and allusions

At this time, Tao Ru Nai was already at ease to be a obedient citizen of the Qing Dynasty. But the influence and traces of the old Dynasty are not easy to fade after all. In the past, he had a good memory of his youth's success and fame, so he still expressed his nostalgia for the Ming Dynasty from time to time in many words. For example, in Volume II of the preface to the song of Shang Dynasty, it is said: "the only way to repay the national favor is to write articles Yu Mingzhi's person also Thirty years ago, it was learned that Zongbo, Zhongqing, and Prime Minister all played their Ju Zi Wen. The first emperor ordered the surname to be used in the stone as soon as possible Ho ho! There is no day to repay the kindness of the monarch. " "Now someone has written about the prosperity of Wang Ye for three hundred years, but it's no chance to see it. Gu CuO has dozens of miracles. Those who have heard about it in the Guangzhao Dynasty have asked to write about it." This article was written in 1650, the eighth year of Shunzhi. At that time, although the author had cut his hair to become a monk, he was still born. Yao recalled that he had won the approval of important officials in the court and the appreciation of emperor Chongzhen. He was still very grateful and sighed that he would no longer have the chance to report his country's favor. Therefore, we can only use articles to record the "wonders" of the old Dynasty to express our feelings.

Anti Qing intellectuals

There are also some anecdotes in his articles. For example, Volume 8 "biography of Yang Longyou Zhongcheng" gives a detailed account of his friend Yang Wenyu (long you), who insisted on fighting against the Qing Dynasty and was indomitable. After he was captured, he was not moved by the Qing government's coercion and inducement and went to justice generously. He Tengjiao, the commander of Nanming Dynasty, was injured and captured. He vowed not to surrender. He fasted for five or six days and was finally killed. The author once served as the supervisor of he Tengjiao, living together day and night, fighting together, and has deep feelings for him. When he was writing about his martyrdom, he said, "heaven is for it", and then he said, "Hoo Hoo! Therefore, he has no regrets The Minister of Frontier can devote himself to his work, and those who are calm and loyal are like several people in the public Tao Ru Nai's poetic style is influenced by gong'an and jingling. Volume 3 "preface to the poetry anthology of kerongmutang" says that "Thirteen supplements to the disciples are the private contributions to Yuan gong'an's modern style poetry". Volume 3 "preface to Che Xiaoen's collection of Gao Xiatang" also says that he traveled north to Guanzhong in his twenties, and on his way back to his hometown, he specially went to Echeng to consult Zhong Xing for poetics. He didn't agree with the tendency of Ming Qizi's returning to the ancients and advocated that poetry should focus on writing temperament. Volume two, the preface to sneeze at the ancient times, says: "to steal and taste the spring flowers, to pursue the ancient sounds, is not like the poems of Yuefu in Han and Wei dynasties. Su and Li can still write down the mountains and rivers, customs, and feelings of sorrow and sorrow In the Ming Dynasty, Wu Yue poetry was the most popular. In the middle period, it was Tui Qizi. However, the Yuefu was no more than an archaic title, and there was no salt in its paintings. That is to say, the tone of the ancients should be Tongxiao Volume 3 "preface to Liao Dayin's covering the nest with grass" says again: "EEE hee! The poems of Han and Wei dynasties are no higher than those of Su, Li and Cai Yan At the same time, he praised Liao Dayin's poems as "sad is sad, and his gloomy and frustrated stances, sorrowful thoughts and angry feelings are like the sound of the river and lake." It can be seen that what the author advocates are those works that express real feelings and can move people's hearts. He also thinks that the reason why Li Bai and Du Fu are most praised is that "the CI poets of the Gaidai Dynasty are in trouble", "one son flows to the Yelang, and the other has no home to find his younger brother and sister". Therefore, his melancholy and sorrowful feelings are expressed in his poems, and his poems are touching. However, Ming Qizi deliberately imitated the ancients. As a result, his works were dull and boring, which naturally could not be moved. However, the comparison was often nondescript, just like comparing ugly women with beautiful women.

Creative background

The author is a person who is sentimental, spontaneous and alienated from politics. Therefore, his travel notes are the most successful in the study of Chinese in rongmutang anthology. For example, the story of visiting Junshan on a moonlit night describes that in the middle of 1640 A.D., I visited Dongting Lake with my friends on a moonlit night. "The moon was just in the middle of the stream, and the moon was gradually spitting out, and the waves were shining with gold." I extinguished the candle and received the moon, and Junshan was as green as an shore. "I took the path into the mountain, and there was a sound of repairing the ancient trees to cover the clouds." the moon was light and warm as spring. "At that time, the air was like pepper orchid, and there was no sound of insects“ The frost of the lake is white and the sky is green. It points to the world from afar. If it is separated from Ying Island, the gods can pick it up. " Another example is Songhai Guantao Ji, which describes how to watch the tide from midnight to dawn in a summer in the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636 A.D.). "It sounds like thunder!" "Surging and noisy, if ten thousand horses rush to the sky, they will roll the ground and shoot the sky, and their hair will be erect. In a moment, the red wheel came out of the dawn, and in the Baizhang silver mountain, the silver mountain surged into hundreds of millions, burst into fire, and scattered into hundreds of millions of purple shells. The group of boats and masts disappeared in a flash, and the water rose when the time changed. The boats and masts were on the silver mountain, falling down with the tide, like falling off a dangerous cliff. "It was magnificent and changeable, and it was about twenty minutes before it leveled off. The waves were full of waves, and the viewer's attitude began to settle." Both articles are fresh and vivid. Whether it is the tranquil scenery of lakes and mountains on a moonlit night or the surging waves in the morning glow, they are vividly described by the author.

Make friends with scholars

Tao Ru Nai had extensive contacts with many scholars in the late Ming Dynasty, such as Chen Ji Ru, Dong Qi Chang, Zhong Xing, Huang Zhou Xing and Yang Wen Cong. Many related articles in this collection can be used as evidence and reference to study them. In addition, Volume 8 of the anthology is a supplement to the biography of the characters in Changsha Fu Zhi written by Tao Ru Nai, and the number is considerable. Moreover, most of the characters he recorded are from the late Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, which can also be used to correct the lack of local Chronicles