Xu Yi

Xu Yi

Xu Shi, whose name is Yi Zhou and whose name is also Cai, was named weihuizhai and wochuzhai. He was a famous historian, writer and economist in Qing Dynasty. Nanjing Liuhe people. He was born in 1810, the 15th year of emperor Renzong's Jiaqing reign, and died in 1862, the first year of emperor muzong's Tongzhi reign. His anthology and works are important documents for studying the history of the Qing Dynasty, the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty and the economic and social conditions of the Qing Dynasty.

Life of the characters

Xu Yi (1810-1862), a native of Liuhe in Nanjing, was named Yizhou and Yicai. He was born in the 15th year of emperor Renzong's Jiaqing reign, and died in the first year of Tongzhi reign of emperor Mu Zong, aged 53. Filial piety, negative economic talent. Daoguang 25 years (1845) Jinshi, changed to Hanlin academy Shuji Shi. The museum is scattered and the teaching is reviewed. Li official Fujian Yanping Prefecture magistrate, died in the official. He is erudite and knowledgeable in classics and history. He has eight volumes of weihuizhai anthology, one volume of weihuizhai waiji, weihuizhai Shichao, collation of Huainanzi, collation of Chuci, chronicle of Xiaozhuo, bumaoshi, Erya annotation, supplement of Mingshi Yiwenzhi, collation of Laozi and so on. His life has been included in biographies of Qing history.

Xu he was born in a relatively affluent land of fish and rice in the south of the Yangtze River, but his family was not affluent. My father was just a very ordinary Gongsheng. Although he had been in charge of education affairs in Pixian, Suqian, Yizheng and other places, his salary was also very low. Later, he almost lost his sight because of eye disease, so he had to give up the imperial examination and return to his hometown. He opened a private school, teaching and studying all his life. Shouldering the unfinished business of his father, Xu Yi was determined to study and keep forging ahead. Finally, he was promoted in the 15th year of Daoguang (1835). But the next year, he went to the Ministry of rites for a test but did not sell it. However, he was appreciated by Shi Zhiyan, the Minister of justice of the Ministry of punishment in Jiangsu Province. He was invited to his hometown of Jiangdu to teach apprentices. As a result, he had to do his best to read the rich collection of historians, which laid a solid foundation for his future success. In the 25th year of Daoguang (1845), Xu Xun, who was thirty-six years old, finally won the Jinshi examination. He was selected as a good scholar. In 27 years, he left the library and was awarded the Imperial Academy review. In 30 years, he served as the assistant revisionary officer of the record library. Xu was fond of learning when he was young. At first he liked parallel prose, but later he specialized in the study of classics and history. In his early years, he read a lot of books collected by historians, and also read the books collected by the Hanlin Academy. He also communicated with Mei Zengliang, Liu Wenqi, Wen Mingshu, Liu Baonan, Chen Li, Luo Mingxiang, Chen Zhuoren and other scholars who had learned a lot. As a result, he became more and more academic and became a great master of classics and history. I like to buy books and collect hundreds of Steles before kaihuang of Sui Dynasty. His experience as an official during this period provided a rare opportunity for him to improve his knowledge of literature and history, and for his achievements in a large number of works in the future. In the second year of Xianfeng (1851), Xu Bing went back to his hometown to visit his relatives. At the peak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom army, he was attacking Liuhe in Nanjing. Together with Wen Shaoyuan, the magistrate of Liuhe County, he organized regiment training and defended the city for five years, which saved the local people from being burned. Liuhe won the reputation of "Liuhe of iron attack" and protected the safety of Nanjing. Xu bi was praised by the Qing government for his meritorious service in running regiment training and guarding the city. He was summoned by Emperor Xianfeng and asked in person. In the eighth year of Xianfeng, he was granted the title of magistrate of Funing, Fujian, and the title of governor of Yanping. Fujian is a disaster area for local armed forces such as Bailian religion and Qianqian society. In fact, it is an important task for Xu He to come to Fujian. In Funing, he attached great importance to the revitalization of culture and education. He repaired the Jinsheng academy and donated money to buy classics and history books. In the process of anti suppression in Fujian Province, he made remarkable achievements, but he died of illness due to long-term hard work. Unfortunately, he died in the government office in 1862. He was very dedicated and died.

Academic contribution

Due to the pressure of his early life and the need of the government in the chaos of the later times, Xu was very attentive to the study of managing the world and was familiar with the way of planning for spending money. His monograph "a collection of spending money" was handed down, which preserved a lot of valuable information about national finance and taxation in the middle and late Qing Dynasty. Wu Ben Lun is also his important economic monograph.

The 65 volume and five volume supplement of biography of xiaoshuo is an important historical material for studying the history of Nanming Dynasty. The book chronicles the history of the four kings of Fu, Tang, GUI and Lu and the Zheng family in Taiwan. At the same time, he wrote a biography of Xiaoyao in biographical style, which made the important events and actions of the characters in this period public.

The supplement to the history of Ming Dynasty, collation of Huainanzi, collation and annotation of Chuci and annotation of Erya show the author's ability in literature and history.

Weihuizhai Wenji, weihuiwenwaiji, his chronology and related life materials can make people understand a real and vivid Xu more clearly and comprehensively. This content mainly includes the war situation at home and abroad at that time, biographies of Xu's family members, Monographs on economic theory, reading notes, prefaces and postscripts on steles, and articles about friends and friends. The data are very rich, faithfully recording Xu's life experience and social conditions at that time. It is a good reference for us to study the economy, politics, culture and military affairs in the middle and late Qing Dynasty Important historical materials.

Academic thought

Academic thought

1) Learning needs to be specialized, diligent and practical. Xu he once said in his autobiography of the miscellaneous interpretations of reading: "in the early Han Dynasty, when it was said that the classics were taught by law, the classics were governed by man, and the classics were governed by man But with the change of the times, the scope of people's research is constantly expanding, the content is constantly extensive, there are a large number of personal works, the number can be said to be huge, but "the article is also extremely weak." (preface to weihuizhai anthology) a person's experience and energy are limited, and it is impossible to be involved in many fields and have achievements. Therefore, Xu believes that people can "make a living by making a living" in order to make a living, or they can learn to buy a house. The age of Xu's life was just the time when the Qing Dynasty was gradually declining and turbulent. In his early days, Xu liked the parallel prose of the four outstanding writers in the early Tang Dynasty. His exquisite sentence patterns, elegant diction and strange Fu made him addicted. We can see his basic skills of parallel prose from the "imitating Yang Ziyun's Changyang Fu" in Wenji and several prefaces of Shouxu. Although he was able to express his talent for a while, these things were empty and empty, not practical. Under the guidance of his father and his teachers and friends, they were quickly changed. As he said in the preface of this book, "the ancient man said that the ancient prose was mainly based on meaning, and the writing was not necessarily physical. In modern times, both Yao Zhenchuan and Fang wangzao are regarded as writers of parallel prose. Yuan Mei and Wu Xiqi are weak, and they are not enough to learn. " Therefore, on the one hand, he studied the industry of imperial examination system to cope with the imperial examination, in order to make progress; on the other hand, he studied the study of Confucian classics in order to broaden his horizons and lay a solid foundation. Therefore, he made great achievements on the way of the imperial examination, and made great achievements in the study of literature and history and statecraft. 2) The way of writing is to pass on people and things. In ancient China, it was always believed that "writing carries Tao". Xu's thought was not contrary to the old adage. He adhered to Bai Juyi's idea that "articles should be written in accordance with the times, songs and poems should be written in accordance with the events". He used his own articles to record the people and events at that time, and his own pen and ink to record his life experience and personal feelings of major historical events in that special era. Regardless of the nature of the peasant uprising at that time, the praiseworthy deeds of the local people who defended their homes and sacrificed their lives should be written in history and left behind for time to test and comment. Therefore, in the preface of the anthology, he said: "the matters of generals and local construction can be passed on; the persons who are loyal to their ministers, filial sons, righteous men and women can be passed on. Things can be passed on and people can be passed on. Do you dare to pass them on if I am not literate? " His Monographs on the history of the late Ming Dynasty, biography of Xiaoyao and chronicle of Xiaoyao, have left us precious historical materials with the same idea, which makes us admire his courage and knowledge! 3) Keep the way and cultivate yourself, and prosper the classics. Xu believes that the achievements of the ancients were different because of their ambition, but their spirit of "abiding by the Tao" was the same under the guidance of their teachers. Only by studying the study of sages and sages, can we turn it into the ultimate way of "self-cultivation and governance". In his letter to master Yundan, he said: "although reading the Confucian scriptures of Jin Dynasty contradicts many of the Confucians of Song Dynasty, his careful and professional thinking and adherence to the teaching method are enough to supplement the" mind "by enriching the biographies of Zhou Dynasty and Confucius, which is beyond all the Confucians." Therefore, he thought hard and deeply studied the meaning of classics. He wrote 14 volumes of miscellaneous interpretations of reading books, which also contains many of his reading experiences. Many of his views are very novel and objective, which can supplement later studies. 4) To express one's feelings and encourage one's ambition, to make one's poems. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, poetry has been very popular. People often use poetry as a tool to "make friends and travel for fame", so everyone can write poetry. In view of this, Xu sighed that "everyone in the world speaks poetry, but poetry is dead.". He believes that since the Tang Dynasty, "the author's generation of prosperity, its poetry also, there is substance in its words, the hair of the chapter, the original coquettish to guide its source, next to the Yuefu song line to smooth its tributaries, see a hundred to poor its change, but the generation of only a few people, only a few people." "To think of the past and inspire Zhang Heng, to think of the left, to feel angry at the time, to sing in Shaoling, to express his feelings, to express his sadness, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to express his feelings, to It can be seen that Xu's requirements for poetry are to have substance in words, to have feelings and to encourage his ambition. Only in this way can his works be immortal. According to the records of Xu's poems, there are four volumes, and only one volume remains in the collection of various places. For various reasons, we haven't seen his poems yet and need to study them.

economic thought

Xu's grandfather and grandfather, who had been engaged in commodity trading (formerly known as "Ji ran Shu"), had made great contributions to the rise of their family. Xu's family had been influenced by them since childhood and had a preliminary knowledge of economic management, which was of great help to his financial support and military affairs management in the future. 1) Attach importance to agricultural production. The economic development in ancient China