Liu Shi

Liu Shi

Liu Shi (SH í) (220-310), Zi Zhen. Pingyuan County, Gaotang county (today's Shandong Gaotang) people. During the period from the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty, he was an important minister and scholar. He was the fifth son of emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty, and was later than Liu Shou, the Huiwang of Jibei.

Liu Shi was born in a poor family, but he was clean and eager to learn, and finally knew the past and the present. At the beginning, he entered Luoyang as an official and was transferred to Yincheng of Henan Province. Later, he moved to shangshulang, tingweizheng and Libulang, and was awarded the title of xunyangzi. After the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Li Guan Shaofu, Taichang, Shangshu and other posts, into the nobility for Bo. When Du Yu conquered Wu, he was also the commander of Zhennan army. Liu Xia was dismissed because he was convicted of taking bribes. Later, it was used as a sacrificial wine for the son of the state and a regular official. In the early years of Yuankang, Jin Jue became a marquis, and gradually became the crown prince and Taibao. He added Shizhong, tejin, youguanglu, Kaifu Yitong, and was also the governor of Jizhou. Yuankang nine years (299), worship Sikong, moved to Taibao. Later, he was transferred to Taifu.

In the fourth year of Yongjia (310), Liu Shi died in 1991. His posthumous title is yuan. His works include Zuoshi Dieyi, Chunqiu regulations, Chunqiu Gongyang Dayi, etc., which have been lost.

Life of the characters

prophetic vision

Liu Shi's father, Liu Guang, was a magistrate of Chiqiu county. Liu Shi was poor when he was a boy. He lived by selling cattle clothes (a covering for cattle to keep out the cold). However, he is studious, with ropes in his hands and poems in his mouth. Liu Shi is knowledgeable and well versed in ancient and modern times. His moral character is clean and his behavior is flawless. He would not visit Xiaolian in the county or recommend a scholar in the state. He entered Luoyang as a Ji Li, transferred to Yincheng of Henan, and moved to shangshulang and tingweizheng. Later, he was appointed Minister of Li Bu Lang and Prime Minister of Shen state (SIMA Zhao), and was granted the title of Xun Yangzi.

In 263, when Zhong Hui and Deng AI attacked Shu, a guest asked Liu Shi, "can the two generals pacify Shu?" Liu Shi said: "it is sure to break the kingdom of Shu, but it can't come back." When the guest asked the reason, he did not say with a smile. The result was just like what Liu Shi said. Most of Liu Shi's foresight is similar to this.

Factor exemption

In the early years of Taishi (265-274), he was promoted to Bo and Shaofu. Xianning years (275-280 years) as too often, transferred to Shangshu. When Du Yu attacked the state of Wu, Liu Shi served as the general of Zhennan.

At the beginning, Liu Shi's wife, Lu Shi, gave birth to her son, Liu Ji, and died. Fahrenheit was going to marry her daughter to Liu Shi. Liu Zhi, Liu Shi's younger brother, advised him: "most of the Chinese families are greedy, and they are bound to ruin their families." Liu Shi couldn't refuse, and finally married Fahrenheit and gave birth to his son Liu Xia. Liu Shi was finally dismissed for his son Liu Xia's bribery. Before long, he was appointed as the Chief Secretary of agriculture, and was removed from office again because of Liu Xia's crime.

Reinstatement and plunder

Later, Liu Shi was used as the son of the state to sacrifice wine and serve on horseback. When the crown prince Sima Li was appointed king of Guangling, Liu Shi was chosen as his teacher and friend in the general election. In the early years of Yuankang (291-299), he was promoted to the rank of marquis, and gradually moved to the post of crown prince and Taibao. He also served as Shizhong, tejin, youguanglu, Kaifu Yitong, and concurrently as governor of Jizhou. In the ninth year of Yuankang (299), he was appointed Sikong, moved to Taibao and transferred to Taifu.

In the early years of Tai'an (302-303), Liu Shi resigned because he was old and ill. The imperial court granted him an Che Sima and Qian million yuan to return to his residence as marquis. When Wang Sima Yi of Changsha and Wang Sima Ying of Chengdu attacked each other, Liu Shi was robbed by soldiers and went back to his hometown secretly.

A long life

In the first year of Guangxi (307), Sima Zhong, Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty, died, and Liu Shi arrived at the mausoleum. Sima Chi, Emperor Huaidi of Jin Dynasty, ascended the throne and granted Liu Shi the title of Taiwei. Liu Shi claimed that he was old and resolutely refused to be allowed. Zuo Cheng Liu Tan said: "if the hall is high, the steps are far away. If the monarch is respected, the prime minister is respected. Therefore, in ancient times, Emperor Shengming did not take the senior ministers as their teachers, so they respected the education of providing for the aged, instructed the world, and made the little elder polite. Resigning at the age of 70 is also a special treatment for the past virtues and a style of encouraging honesty and nobility. Taiwei Liu Shi, with his incorruptible and simple integrity, holds the same high and clean attitude. He has been retiring from his old age for more than 20 years. It can be said that he is a highly respected person and a model of the country. I heard that old people don't need strength to conform to etiquette. Liu Shi is over 90 years old, and his life is limited by time. So he took a car with illness, took risks to travel, showed his sorrow in the imperial mausoleum, and paid homage to the imperial court. The integrity of the minister has been completed. The emperor's imperial edict was sincere, which would make Liu Shi ascend to the provincial throne, assist the emperor, and urge the imperial edict out of context for two years. However, Liu Shi wrote many times in public and his words were sincere. In my opinion, the ancients preferred not to be a monarch and an official. They regarded not giving an official to the elderly as respect. They should follow Liu Shi's advice. "

In the third year of Yongjia (309), the imperial edict said: "in the past, Yushun appointed five ministers and achieved the Enlightenment of governing by doing nothing. In the Han Dynasty, Xiao He was the prime minister and gained the reputation of stability and unity. Therefore, he was able to prosper at that time and spread his achievements to future generations. If I want to uphold the great political morality, I also rely on the strong points of the senior officials and officials to help me to meet my greatest desire. However, it's hard to go against it. Now you are allowed to return to the house as a marquis. You are above the third division, and your salary is still the same. You don't have to go to the court and the first house to give several cases of walking sticks. The government affairs of the country will come to you for consultation, so as to show my heart. "

In the fourth year of Yongjia (310), Liu Shi died at the age of 91, posthumous title yuan.

Character evaluation

General comments

Liu Shi was poor when he was young. He walked with a stick. When he got to a rest place, he did not disturb his master. He took care of things like firewood and water. When the status and fame are well-known, they often advocate frugality and simplicity, but do not pursue magnificence. Although in a position of honor and favor, there is no family house in the residence, and the salary is used to support and help relatives to die. Despite the decline of ethics, he himself acted in the right way. When his wife died, he did the funeral according to the system of Juzhang Julu, and did not sleep with her until the funeral was over. Liu Shi doesn't mind if frivolous people laugh at him.

Historical evaluation

Guan Fu: talking with these five emperors (PEI Hui, he Yan, Deng Yang, Liu Shi and Liu Zhi) makes people feel refreshed and sleepy. From then on, I almost want to sleep in the daytime.

Liu Tan: Tai Wei has always been a pure and honest man. He has been waiting for his old age for more than 20 years. He has great ambition and is old and devoted. It can be said that the country is a model of the nation. The minister heard that the old man did not use muscle strength as a gift. He was more than 90 years old, and his life was in Japan. So he helped himself, took risks, and went to the mausoleum to pay homage to the palace. The imperial edict was gallant, and it was necessary to make Shi Zhengwei come to power. The imperial edict was light and solid, and the imperial edict was broken. It lasted two years. And the frequency of exposure, sincere words. The officials thought that the old-age care should be based on the principle of not doing anything and not focusing on the officials.

Yan Zan: Liu Shi, a doctor of Guanglu, was a self-supporting man. He was born in the same year as LV Wang, and his classics were not discarded.

In the book of Jin by Fang Xuanling and others, firstly, the corporal competes and writes, and the doctrine of the mean is quiet and qualitative. Wei Shu and Liu Shi worry about the essence. Ji and Qiwen are close to each other. They are officials. It is said in the poem that "corrupt people and scum" is what Liu Xia calls it! ② Shuyan is not reserved, but he is right for Qiancheng. Zizhen, Xuanmao, Yazhi Nanling. Enter Zhong Neng Ju, give way to you Xing. Jiaohu vessel, Laiguang jade rope. ③ He was poor and sold cattle clothes to support himself. However, he is eager to learn. He has a good command of the past and the present. Clean your body, clean your conduct.

personal works

Liu Shi had been eager to learn since he was young and old. Although he was an official, he kept his books. In particular, he was proficient in three biographies and corrected Gongyang biography. He thought that Wei Po should not disobey because of his grandfather's order, and that Jizhong had lost the integrity of being a minister. He cited these two things to explain the etiquette of being a minister, so his view was popular in the world. During the period of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms, due to the excessive aggressive competition in the world and the moral defect of honesty and modesty, he wrote on chongrang to rectify the world customs.

Liu Shi also wrote 20 volumes of the spring and autumn regulations, 20 volumes of Zuo Shi's edicts, three volumes of spring and autumn Gongyang Dayi, one volume of Ji Jie Chun Qiu Xu and two volumes of Wen Ji, which have been lost. Quan Jin Wen has its own articles.

Anecdotes and allusions

Income from education

When Liu Shi was an official, every time he returned to his hometown, villagers would wait for him with wine and meat in their cars. It was difficult for Liu Shi to disobey people's wishes, so he ate and drank with them, and then returned the remaining food. Someone said to Liu Shi, "you are a noble man, but several sons can't follow you. Why don't you teach them every day so that they can know their mistakes and correct them by themselves? " Liu Shi said: "what I do is what I hear and see, not what is handed down from generation to generation. Can I get it through repeated teaching?" The world thinks Liu Shi's words are reasonable.

The poor did not get this

Liu Shi once went to Shi Chong's house and went to the toilet. He saw a curtain with crimson patterns and gorgeous mattresses. Two maidservants were holding sachets. Liu Shi quit and said to Shi Chong with a smile, "I entered your inner room by mistake." "That's the toilet," Shi said Liu Shi said, "I have never enjoyed it for the poor." So I went to another toilet.

Relative members

father

Liu Guang was the magistrate of Chiqiu county.

younger brother

Liu Zhi, Zifang, served as Yingchuan prefect, Sanqi Changshi, Shizhong, Shangshu, Taichang, etc.

wife

Lu, the son of Liu Ji.

Fahrenheit gave birth to Liu Xia.

Son

The eldest son: Liu Ji, with the name of Jingyun, was a regular official.

Second son: Liu Xia, was exiled for taking bribes.

Historical records

Book of Jin, Volume 4 and 11, biography 11

Literary image

In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the image of Liu Shi is similar to the official history. He joined the army for Wei Xiangguo. When Deng AI and Zhong Hui came out of Shu, all the officials sent them out of the city, with banners and banners blocking the sun, armor frosting, strong men and strong horses,

Chinese PinYin : Liu Shi